Development involves many questions for better life and the ways in which one can work to achieve goals. Since every individual is different from each other, the notion of development also varies. The difference in social and economic positions of the people generally results in different goals of development. 

India has land under a variety of relief features such as plains, plateaus, mountains and islands.About 43 per cent of land areas is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry.Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and ensure perennial flow of some rivers, provide facilities for tourism and ecological aspects. About 27 per cent of the area is the plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests.

(i) Structural processes of change due to a transformation in the network of social relationships.

(ii) Caste, kinship, family and occupational groups constitute some of the structural realities. Change in these relationships is a structural change.

(iii) When the traditional agrarian system based on family labour is transformed into agrarian system based on hired labour with a view to produce for the market, we may call it a structural change.

(iv) Another example can be the transformation of joint family to nuclear family brings about change in structure and function of family. It is through the process of differentiation of roles that structural change takes place.

(i) No National Language: Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages.
(ii) Scheduled Languages: Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages. States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned State.

Mathilde herself was responsible for her own sorrows because of her obsession with the luxuries of high class society. She had always longed to wear elegant, stylish and dainty clothes and jewllwery. Unfortunately, she had been married to a clerk who could not afford all these things. Her obsession and love for trinkets brought her sorrow which she could have avoided.  

The fate or Providence taught her a lesson for her flaw.  Her husband received invitation to the ball; she became abnormally excited about it. She went beyond her means to make arrangements for herself for the ball. She spent excessively on her dress. And for the jewellery, she thought of borrowing Madame Forestier’s necklace.  

Unfortunately, the borrowed necklace was lost at the party. She and her husband had to face ten years’ grueling headships to pay for the replacement of the lost necklace. After ten years she came to know from Madame Forestier that it was just an artificial necklace.  

If Mrs. Loisel (Mathilde) had not gone beyond her means to attend the ball, she would not have faced all those hardships. If she had not been so much obsessed about trinkets and gimmicks of life, she would have been far more contented.  

it is a cultural movement which develops in the form of a national sentiment in the form of poems, paintings etc. by romantic artists criticising the glory of science and reasoning.
It goes supporting emotions and mystique feelings towards the nation

(1) In a modern state a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory. It had been developing over a long period of time in Europe. (2) A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. (3) This commonness was forged through struggles, through the actions of the leaders and the common people and did not exist from time immemorial.

The sequence given is in the order of production of cloth which starts with

- Spinning the yarn

 - The weaving of the fabric

- Production of fiber

 -Transporting cloth to the workshops

Bardoli is a historical city of Gujarat famous for its modern history.

This is an important portion for CBSE class 10 students, because Bardoli is the only place where the most important event Bardoli Satyagraha 1928 took place.

Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) took place under the leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel due to the increase in land revenue by 22%.
The peasants of Bardoli refused to pay the revised assessment until an independent tribunal is appointed for the same.

The outcome of the Satyagraha was that, British Government reduced land revenue to 6.03% and returned the seized land back to the farmers.

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey.

Belgium
1.They adopted a policy of power sharing.
 2. They gave equal powers to all communities.. minor or major doesn’t matter
3.It solved the problem. 


SriLanka
1)They adopted a policy of Majoritarioism.
2) They gave preferences to the majority Sinhala group alone, disregarding the minority
3). It only increased the problem

A social division based on shared culture. People belonging to the same ethnic group, believe in their common descent because of similarities of physical type or of culture or both. They need not always have the same religion or nationality.

The main clauses of the Treaty of Vienna signed in 1815 were:

• The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power.
• A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in the future.
• Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
• Prussia was given new territories to its west and Austria was given control of northern Italy.
• Russia was given part of Poland, while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
• Their main aim was to restore monarchies and create a new conservative order in Europe.
• France lost the territories it had annexed under Napolean.

Democracy produces an accountable government: Democracy produces an accountable governments, as the people have the right in choosing their representatives through the electoral process. These elected representatives form the government and participate in the decision-making process on behalf of the people. If these elected representatives do not work properly, people have a chance to not elect them in the next election.

Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.

In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments.
In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.

"The Charkha symbolised swadeshi movement and self-reliance.

Vande Mataram flag designed in 1905 and Azad Hind flag hoisted by Indian National Army were a symbol of unity amongst Indians of different castes, religions, languages etc.

Gandhiji's 3 monkeys symbolised purity in speech, sight and listening. Salt became a symbol of his persistence during the Dandi yatra."

Answer:
Indiscriminate use of pesticides may result in the degradation of the environment. For example, DDT is an organic pesticide which is used to kill pests in crop fields. When it is used in large quantity it can be passed along the food chain from crops to man or other animals and birds and can harm them.

"The Charkha symbolised swadeshi movement and self-reliance.
Vande Mataram flag designed in 1905 and Azad Hind flag hoisted by Indian National Army were a symbol of unity amongst Indians of different castes, religions, languages etc.
Gandhiji's 3 monkeys symbolised purity in speech, sight and listening. Salt became a symbol of his persistence during the Dandi yatra."

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units of the country.

Some of the key features of federalism system are:

1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own JURISDICTION in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. The existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of different levels of government.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
7. The federal system has dual objectives: i) To safeguard and promote the unity of the country ii) Accommodate regional diversity.

All the features of the federal system apply to the provisions of the Indian Constitution. The Indian Constitution is a three-fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments.