The quality of life depends upon the following factors: 

(i) Money and material things. 

(ii) Presence of family members, friends and relatives. 

(iii) Good working atmosphere at the office. 

(iv) An opportunity to learn. 

(v) A position of self respect in the family. 

(vi) A safe and secure environment.

Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.

Two reforms inroduced by Napoleaon Bonaparte were:

• He abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property
• He introduced uniform systems of weights and measures

At present in different parts of India.

Primitive Subsistence Farming:

This type of farming is still practiced in few pockets of India

1. The help of primitive tools like hoe dao and digging sticks, and family /community labour.
2. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
3. It is ‘salsh and burn’ agriculture.
4. The soil fertility decreases.
5. The farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.

Intensive Subsistence Farming:

1. This type of farming is practiced is areas of high population pressure on land .
2. It is labour intensive farming.
3. The biological inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
4. There is enormous pressure on agriculture land.

Commercial Farming:

1. This type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs.
2. The degree of commercialization of agriculture various from one region to another.
3. A single crop s grown on a large area.
4. The help of migrant labourers.
5. The produces is used as raw material in respective industries.

Merits of Two party system:

• It gives political stability to the country
• Two-party systems have been preferred over multi-party systems because they are not difficult to govern. This kind of system also discourages radical minor parties.
• It is s easier for voters to vote in the elections as they need to choose between only two political parties.
• The two-party system can speed up the process of governing.

Demerits of Two party system:

• The two party system offers limited options to the voters as they have to choose from only two political parties
• It ignores alternative voices. The two party system do not effectively tackle the issues faced by minority or other sections of the society.
• The two-party system creates inconsistent governing.
• When one party loses power in a two-party system, their policies are often reversed since the other party usually takes an opposite stand.

The following factors sustain democracy in India:

(i) Democracy is liked by almost all Indians. It is based on the principle of equality, freedom and brotherhood.

(ii) The framers of the Indian Constitution provided for a representative democracy in a liberal framework. Following are the main characteristics of liberal democracy:

(a) The government is formed by elected representatives of citizens and is accountable and responsible to them.

(b) More than one political parties compete for political power.

(c) There are periodic elections based on universal adult franchise.

(d) The competition for power is open and not secretive. It is through open elections but through secret ballot papers.

(e) Civil liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion and association, etc., are guaranteed.

(f) Pressure groups and other organised and unorganised groups are also allowed to operate in the system. They are also able to influence government decisions and policies.

•  Democratic form of Government is a legitimate government as it is based on people's consent.It allows for participation of the people in the political process, it is people's own government thus it is legitimate. 
• The country provides for smooth and legitimate transformation from one government to another by means of electoral competition. Elections are held after every five years allowing parties as the representative of people’s interest to compete for power and govern the country. India has a multi party system that has allowed various political parties to represent diverse interests and reach out to more and more people. India holds the record of having 15 successful general elections and is proceeding towards 16^th Lok Sabha Elections in the year 2014.
•  It is an accountable government which allows for proper deliberation in the decision making process and compels political leadership to be responsive to the needs of the people.Democratic form of governments are based on rule of law, it has proper set procedures. Government functions on the basis of rule of law and not as per whims and fancies of a ruler.The parliament for example, ensures that decision making is based on proper norms and procedures, as it provides that all the decisions and policies are thoroughly debated and discussed.
•  
• Our democratic system has ensured adequate power sharing between the central, state and local government which has ensured participation of people right from the grass root level. For example, institutions of Panchayati Raj, 73rd and 74th constitutional amendment acts.
•  
• Popular political movements by various sections of the Indian society have emerged as distinct entities and have revolutionized the society.These Civil Rights movements has made Indian democracy more accountable responsive and legitimate to the needs of the people popularizing the notion of good governance . For example, right to information, lok pal bill are the result of such movements.
•  
•  India is the fastest growing economies, though there exist a wide gap bewtten the rich and the poor but governemnt's intitiative in the form of poverty alleviation schemes, food security bill , NREGA are an effort to bring about grwoth and devlopemnt.

Following outcomes can be expected out of democracy:

• Accountability to the citizens
• To efficiently run the administration and finances of the country
• Transparency in working of the government
• Free and fair elections
• To work for the development of majority and minority communities

Yes, to a larger extent democracy in India meet these expectations.

The decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardship or crisis in Europe.
The following are the arguments to support this statement :
(i) There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe. As a result unemployment became a common feature in most of the countries.
(ii) Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse. Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from rural areas where production was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops. These products imported from rural areas were obviously cheaper than the town-made products.
(iii) Due to population, the demand of foods increased. It led to the rise of food prices. This increased price along with a year of bond harvests led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Role of Mazzini in the unification of Italy were: 

(i) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807. 

(ii) He became member of various secret societies such as ‘Young Italy’ or ‘Young Europe’. 

(iii) He attempted revolution in Liguria. 

(iv) He wanted unification with wider alliance of nations. 

(v) He frightened conservatives through opposition of monarchy and vision of democratic republics. 

(vi) He favoured war for unification of Italy. 

(vii) He wanted Economic development and Political dominance.

In 1929 lahore congress launch a program known as civil disobedience. It was authorised for the working committee. Mahatma Gandhi was also fully involved will full manpower to launch the civil disobedience movement. After Gandhi's meeting with Lord Irwin he gave him his last ultimatum by 31st January 1930. Once it was ignored by him, Gandhi launched civil disobedience movement.

The main reason of this movement that time was the world wide economic depression during the era of 1929-1930. Young congress leaders was not sitting idle. This was a reason that Gandhi ji felt the necessity to launch the movement.

The main stress was given to avoid the foreign product. In eastern India the chowkidari tax was refused badly by the common people. This movement was in fire in UP, Tamil Nadu, Assam, Andhra Pradesh.

The circumstances that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement were the following:
i) Simon Commission: It was an all-British Commission appointed in November 1927 to investigate the need for further constitutional reform. The absence of Indians was seen as an insult to the self-respect of Indians and they decided to boycott the Commission.
ii) Demand for Poorna Swaraj:  The British government did not accept the Nehru Report and the Congress passed the Poorna Swaraj resolution at its Lahore session in 1929. 
 

OR

On March 12, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the Gujarat sea coast. A number of people followed him. On the morning of 6th April, Gandhiji violated the Salt Laws at Dandi by picking up some salt left by the seawaves. Gandhiji's breaking of the Salt Laws marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten up mercilessly on October 30, 1928 at Lahore railway station, while leading a demonstration & lost his life as a result of the lathi blows.

Liberals are the people who wanted to bring a change in the society. They favour a society where all religions are tolerated and individual’s rights against the governments are protected. So liberales were the people in the Congress who did not believe in conservative attitude of the party and were against the caste system. 

Moderates in the Indian National congress were the leaders who had faith in British sense of justice and fair play. They did not believe in radical or revolutionary methods to be taken up for demanding freedom from the British rule. They believed in agitating within the constitutional limits.

The British government constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. The commission was made to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. But since all the members in the commission were British , the Indian leaders opposed the commission. The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon'.

• After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922.
• This was met with a lot of disagreements among leaders of the Congress Party.
• While some wanted to continue non-cooperation, others wanted to end the legislature boycott and contest elections. The former were called no-changers and such leaders included Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, etc.
• The others who wanted to enter the legislative council and obstruct the British government from within were called the pro-changers. These leaders included C R Das, Motilal Nehru, Srinivasa Iyengar, etc.
• In 1922, in the Gaya session of the Congress, C R Das (who was presiding over the session) moved a proposal to enter the legislatures but it was defeated. Das and other leaders broke away from the Congress and formed the Swaraj Party.
• C R Das was the President and the Secretary was Motilal Nehru.
• Prominent leaders of the Swaraj Party included N C Kelkar, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose.