The rawlatt act imposed in order to retain the politiclal power and suppressed the movement of satyagrahis also at that time.....

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The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British Government with the aim of coming to political power. According to this act, the government could control political activities and detain political prisoners for two years without any trials.

The most satisfactory feature of land use pattern of our country is the Barren and Waste land has reduced from 12.01% (1960-61) to 6.29% (2002-03)

Few unsatisfactory features of our land use pattern:

i) The land under permanent pasture has decreased.

ii) Forest area of the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest Policy (1952).

III) Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying have contributed to the degradation of about 130 million hectares of land in India.

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The secondary sector of the Indian economy is the most significant area and helps in the economic development of the country because it covers those activities in which natural products are changed into other forms in manufacturing units. This sector is associated with industries and often called industrial sector, making it the most important sector. And as a result of which, it provides with good opportunities for employment.  

Rohit's weight=55kg And his height=1.5m BMI= weight (kg)/{height (m)}^2 =55/1.5×1.5 =55/2.25=24.444 •If the BMI is less than 18.5 or more than 25 then the person is considered to be undernourished or over weight respectively. As Rohit's BMI is 24.444, therefore he is fit.

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In France 1789

France

France

France

The ideologies of nationalism and liberalism were introduced in the Central and Eastern Europe after the French Revolution. However, these ideologies were late and quite slow in developing in Eastern Europe, and the main reasons were:

Reasons:

The political leaders overlook the character of democracy in the national revival.

People here never really experienced the idea of liberalism and real democracy.

The ideas of nationalism and liberalism were underestimated.

 

Five features of Eighteenth century in Europe were:

1. Eighteenth century in Europe was a period of intellectual, social and political transformations. This was the Age of Enlightenment. Intellectually and politically, the ideas of Locke, Hobbes and others gave rise of an idea of democracy that influenced people who later revolted against the monarchial form of governments. In sciences, universe and positions of planets came to be discussed.
2. Perhaps, one of the greatest developments in the eighteenth century Europe was the beginning of the feeling of nationalism. This could be seen in the French Revolution where people demanded the transfer of power from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
3. With the beginning of the French revolution, the idea of liberty and equality also began to take shape which later affected every part of Europe.
4. In the economic sphere, the industrial revolution began in Britain in 1770’s. Later, it radically changed the human society, politics and environment.
5. Many countries of Asia began to be colonized and colonialism reached its height in the nineteenth century. In 1757, the Battle of Plassey was fought in India in which Britain occupied Bengal and within next 100 years was ruling almost the entire sub-continent.

 

The French Revolution had a major impact on Europe and the New World. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in history.[1][2][3] In the short-term, France lost thousands of its countrymen in the form of émigrés, or emigrants who wished to escape political tensions and save their lives. A number of individuals settled in the neighboring countries (chiefly Great Britain, Germany, Austria, and Prussia), however quite a few also went to the United States. The displacement of these Frenchmen led to a spread of French culture, policies regulating immigration, and a safe haven for Royalists and other counterrevolutionaries to outlast the violence of the French Revolution. The long-term impact on France was profound, shaping politics, society, religion and ideas, and polarizing politics for more than a century. The closer other countries were, the greater and deeper was the French impact, bringing liberalism and the end of many feudal or traditional laws and practices.[4][5] However, there was also a conservative counter-reaction that defeated Napoleon, reinstalled the Bourbon kings, and in some ways reversed the new reforms.[6] Most of the new nations created by the France were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814. However, Frederick Artz emphasizes the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution: For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries.... Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality.[6] Likewise in Switzerland the long-term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin: It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, equality of languages, freedom of thought and faith; it created a Swiss citizenship, basis of our modern nationality, and the separation of powers, of which the old regime had no conception; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints; it unified weights and measures, reformed civil and penal law, authorized mixed marriages (between Catholics and Protestants), suppressed torture and improved justice; it developed education and public works.[7] The greatest impact came in France itself. In addition to effects similar to those in Italy and Switzerland, France saw the introduction of the principle of legal equality, and the downgrading of the once powerful and rich Catholic Church to just a bureau controlled by the government. Power became centralized in Paris, with its strong bureaucracy and an army supplied by conscripting all young men. French politics were permanently polarized—'left' and 'right' were the new terms for the supporters and opponents of the principles of the Revolution.

i) As the news of French revolution came in Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs to establish the ideas of French revolution. ii) The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and destiny of the french nation to liberate the people of a Europe from despotism. iii) With the outbreak of revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry idea of nationalism abroad.

Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw Non-Cooperation Movement:

1. In Chauri Chaura, a peaceful demonstration was going on but it turned into violent and the police station was burnt down by the people.

2. Gandhi was completely against the use of violence and believed that the protest was becoming violent in many areas.

3. Gandhi thought that satyagrahis needed more tolerance and training for leading non-violent mass struggles.

Non cooperation movement was stop because mahatma Gandhi's ideology was that non violence movement but people get adopted violence in chori chora in 1922 due to this non cooperation movement was stop

If we consider poor democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic development is a matter of worry. When we compare record of dictatorial regimes with democracies in poor countries, then we find them in upper hands.

A n s w e r:

In population dynamics, the term "isocline" refers to the set of population sizes at which the rate of change for one population in a pair of interacting populations is zero.

Rice

1. It is a kharif crop.
2. It requires high temperature and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
3. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.
4. It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

Triangle trade allowed for Europe's economic development in many ways. Trade with Africa and the Americas allowed for increased access to raw goods and the growth of the shipping industry, which in turn led to additional jobs for Europeans. During the period 1500-1800 Asian commodities flooded into the West. As well as spices and tea, they included silks, cottons, porcelains and other luxury goods. The resulting currency drain encouraged Europeans to imitate the goods they so admired.

The Recurring deposit account is an account in the bank or in a Post office where a depositor deposits a preset amount of money every month for a fixed time period (generally ranging from one year to five years). This format is meant for persons who would like to deposit a fixed amount every month, with the purpose of getting a lump sum after a few years. The little monthly savings in the Recurring Deposit plan allow the saver to build up an attractive sum on maturity. Interest rate in this kind of deposit scheme is calculable on quarterly compounded based.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhi started the Dandi march from Sabarmati Ashram towards the small coastal village of Dandi. He marched against the state monopoly in manufacturing and selling of salt. Gandhi chose salt because it was used in every Indian household, yet people were not allowed to make salt even for domestic use. Gandhi through his Dandi March tried to protest against the regressive policies of the British Government and arouse the people of India to fight against the colonialism and its evils through non-violent means. This was the immediate reason for the Dandi March.

Sericulture

Sericulture

Serticulture

Over the past century, employment in the primary and secondary sectors has declined in most rural areas, while the significance of the tertiary sector, or services, has become increasingly important. Today two-thirds to three-quarters of all jobs in rural areas are in the service sector. These structural changes in the economy have led geographers to initiate a sizable research program examining services. But, research on the topic is complicated by a number of factors, including issues surrounding the definition and classification of services. Additionally, in contrast to sectors like farming that are driven by external demand, the service sector in rural and urban areas has traditionally been reliant on local demand. As a result, the strategies and rationales for locating service establishments are quite different. Moreover, individual components of the service sector are quite different from each other (e.g., producer services vs. producer services), and the spatial impact of increasing or decreasing employment in one subsector as opposed to another will also be different. Finally, the role and nature of services in the rural economy varies tremendously from services in urban areas. These and a number of other issues are reviewed in the article.

Marianne and Germania were respective female allegories for the French and the German nation. They stood as personifications of ideals like 'liberty' and 'the republic'. The importance of the way in which they were portrayed lay in the fact that the public could identify with their symbolic meaning, and this would instil a sense of national unity in them.

Introduction:- Historians consider UK unification as the best model of unification as in this unification, wars didn't occurred. Only some argument held between the states. It was result of a long drawn process. ____________________________Explanation:- The steps of unification are://// 1) The English parliament which has seized power from monarchy in 1688 was the instrument through which a nation state with England at its center came to be forged. → 2) The Act of union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the 'United kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland as the English members were more in number in Parliament→ 3) Due to this, England dominated over Scotland on all aspects. Ireland also suffered a similar fate. → 4) After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. Thus, a new 'British nation' was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. __________________________________ NOTE:- The symbols of new Britain–the British flag(Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble King), the English language–were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

Introduction:- Historians consider UK unification as the best model of unification as in this unification, wars didn't occurred. Only some argument held between the states. It was result of a long drawn process. ________________________________ __________Explanation:- The steps of unification are://// 1) The English parliament which has seized power from monarchy in 1688 was the instrument through which a nation state with England at its center came to be forged. → 2) The Act of union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the 'United kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland as the English members were more in number in Parliament→ 3) Due to this, England dominated over Scotland on all aspects. Ireland also suffered a similar fate. → 4) After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. Thus, a new 'British nation' was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. __________________________________ NOTE:- The symbols of new Britain–the British flag(Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble King), the English language–were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

Introduction:- Historians consider UK unification as the best model of unification as in this unification, wars didn't occurred. Only some argument held between the states. It was result of a long drawn process. ________________________________ Explanation:- The steps of unification are://// 1) The English parliament which has seized power from monarchy in 1688 was the instrument through which a nation state with England at its center came to be forged. → 2) The Act of union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the 'United kingdom of Great Britain' meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland as the English members were more in number in Parliament→ 3) Due to this, England dominated over Scotland on all aspects. Ireland also suffered a similar fate. → 4) After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen (1798), Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. Thus, a new 'British nation' was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. ________________________________ NOTE:- The symbols of new Britain–the British flag(Union Jack), the national anthem (God save our Noble King), the English language–were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.

Unification of Britain: 

(i) Britain was not a nation state prior to 18th century. The primary identities were based on ethnicity such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. 

(ii) The steady growth of power made the English nation extend its influence over the other nations and islands.

(iii) In 1688, England established as a nation state. English parliament seized power from the monarchy. 

(iv) In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed with the Act of the Union between England and Scotland. 

(v) England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British Parliament was dominated by English members. 

(vi) Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798) and a new "British Nation" was formed.

In Britain, the formation of a nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval, revolution or national struggle but of a long drawn out parliamentary process. The process of unification of Britain is as follows: 1 Britain was not a nation-state prior to 18th century. England had people of many ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish with their own cultural and political traditions.  2 The English nation steadily grew in importance, wealth and power and extended her influence over other nations of the island. 3 In 1688, England established as a nation-state. English parliament seized power from the monarchy. 4 In 1707 the Act of Union between England and Scotland led to the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. 5 England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British Parliament was dominated by English members. 6 Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed revolution led by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798) and a new "British Nation" was formed.

1. On the basis of source of raw materials used — Agro-based and mineral-based.
2. According to their main role — Basic and Consumer industries.
3. On the basis of capital investment—Small-scale and large-scale industries.
4. On the basis of ownership — Public Sector, Private Sector, Cooperative Sector, Joint Sector.
5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods—Heavy industries, Light industries.

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Non- Cooperation Movement	Civil Disobedience Movement
It was launched in 1920s.	It was launched in 1930s.
The Non-Cooperation Movement sought to bring the working of the government to a standstill by not cooperating with the administration.	The Civil Disobedience Movement was an attempt at paralysing the administration by breaking some specific rules & regulations.
There were no tax campaigns in this movement.	It involved non- payment of taxes & land-revenue as well as violation of laws.
Many leaders renounced their titles & left their government jobs.	It involved defiance of salt laws, boycott of liquor, foreign cloth & British goods of all kinds.
It was not violent until the Chauri Chaura incident took place.	The movement became violent in a matter of time.

The impact of globalization on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. 

Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain's flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.

Post liberalization, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidized agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. 

Project on :-   
                     Consumption and Conservation of resources 

Firstly Resources are the god gifted material or things . We use them in our daily life or daily routine . For example use of petrol in car for travelling. It is very important in our life. The earth on which we live is also a resource which is very important for the living , the water , wind , trees etc are very important. Resources are of two types.

                                          Resource        
                                       /                   \
                                      /                      \
                                    /                         \
                     1)Renewable              2)Non-Renewable

1)Renewable Resources  are those resources which can be renewed in short period of time like water , trees etc

2)Non-Renewable Resources  are those resources which cannot be renewed in short period of time like coal petroleum etc.

Consumption of Resources 
We take all the basic necessary need from the nature as a resource. But now due the overpopulation the consumption of these resources is also increasing.We are overusing and over exploiting these resources.

Why we need to conserve these resources ?

Conservation is the process for the prevention of natural resources. It is the sum total of activities which have both advantage and disadvantage. If we use them carefully it will definitely profit us and excessive use will lead to destruction in our life.
                           1) We need to conserve resource so that to maintain the ecological balance between human and plants for supporting life.

2)We conserve resources for sustainable management

3)For different kind of biodiversity.

As a responsible citizen we should conserve these resource 
1)Water
2)Soil
3)Biodiversity
4)Forests.

Tatti

In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments.
In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.

During the early nineteenth century, Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism.In reference to economy this liberalism denotes freedom of market, less restrictions of state on the movement of goods and capitals. To get rid of these economic problems that was the main demand of the new emerged middle class.
Existence of countless small principalities, different currencies, number of customs barriers created obstacles to economic exchange and growth for the new commercial classes. To sort out that problem Prussia including with most of the German states formed a customs union or Zollverein in 1834.
The Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced number of currencies, create network of railways for fast and heavy mobility. So a single solution for all these economic problems was known by the name of Zollverein.