Sustainable development means that a development should meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs – 

(i) It is felt that the economic growth and industrialization have led to reckless exploitation of natural resources. Sustainability promotes a rational use of natural resources. 

(ii) Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. But if we use more than what is replenished by nature, then we would be overusing this resource. 

(iii) Once the non-renewable resources would be exhausted we won’t be able to use them in future. So, using the resources judiciously will help in maintaining the sustainability of development of our ecosystem.

Giuseppe Mazzini He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities.
Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Austrian Chancellor Duke Matternich once described him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

POWER is shared among different organs of government such as the legislature, judiciary and executive. It is called horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power amoqg various institutions. Although, judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the Legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

 The Panchayati Raj System as stipulated by the 73rd Amendment Act has the three-tier structure:

(i) Gram Panchayat at the village level.

(ii) Panchayat Samiti at the block level.

(iii) Zila Parishad at the district level.

I. Composition of Gram Panchayat: Gram Panchayat is the executive of Gram Sabha. The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the Gram Sabha. Every adult who is a resident of the village has the right to vote in the Panchayat elections.

II. Functions: (i) The Gram Panchayat makes arrangements for pure drinking water and or disinfecting the wells, tanks. etc.

(ii) It improves sanitary conditions in the villages.

(iii) It makes efforts for improving the health of the people, and for this purpose it opens hospitals and dispensaries.

III. Composition of Panchayat Samiti: The member of the Block Development Committee (BDC) i.e. Panchayat Samiti are elected by the people directly on the basis of universal adult franchise. MLAs and MPs of the area, SDM and B.D.O. are the ex-officio members. Apart from ex-officio members, other members are elected and reservation of seats are provided for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in every Panchayat in proportion of their population in that area. It is also provided that 30 per cent seats are reserved for women in each categories and by rotation allotted to different constitutions. The term of Panchayat Samiti is for five years.

IV. Functions: (i) The Panchayat Samiti looks after the working of all the gram Panchayats in its area.

(ii) It tries to promote scientific and modern agricultural practices in its area and distributes among the farmers at practices seeds, fertilizers and scientific equipments.

V. Composition of Zila Parishad: After the passage of the 73rd Amendment in December 1993, the Constitution has tried to provide constitutional validity and uniform system to the Panchayati Raj Systems. There will be a Zila Parishad in every district of a state with elected members. The chairman will be elected by the elected members. MLAs, MPs, Collector, Deputy Collectors and SDMs will be the ex-officio members. Each State government will constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of these institutions and to recommend allocation of funds and grants-in-aid.

VI. Functions: (i) Tries to co-ordinate the working of the Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis in the district.

(ii) The Panchayat Samitis pass their annual budget and send it to the Zila Parishad. The Zila Parishad gives its approval to the budget after deliberating over it thoroughly.

(i) In 1926, a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School. A Vietnamese girl sitting in one of the front seats was asked to move to the back of the class and allow a local French student to occupy the front bench.
(ii) When the Vietnamese girl refused, the principal, also a colon, expelled her.At this the angry students protested. But they too were expelled, leading to a further spread of open protests.
(iii) Seeing the situation out of control, the government forced the school to take the students back. The principal reluctantly agreed.

Note: Nationalism is Indo China gas been deleted by CBSE. It will not come in Exams

BMI is used to determine a person's weight in regard to his height which as a result shows whether a person is underweight, has normal weight, is overweight or obese.

Following are the categories of BMI values:

1. Less than 18.5 = Underweight person  

2. Between 18.5 - 24.9 = Normal weight person  

3. Between 25 - 29.9 = Overweight person  

4. 30 or greater then 30 = Obese person

Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because

(i) It has very high literacy rate and literate people take care of their children better as compared to illiterate.
(ii) Literate people also have high earning capacity so they can afford basic necessities for their children.

Out of the several soils found in India, one is Arid Soil, which develops due to high temperature and evaporation. It is found in regions where there is dry climate. Dry climate brings with it high temperature and faster evaporation. Thus, the soil lacks humus and moisture.

The main theme of this book Hind Swaraj is:- 
1) British rule would be collapse within 2 years if the Indian not help the Britishers.
2) is Indian not corporate the Britishers their trade as well as Britishers Quit India.
3) so main theme of this book is that Mahatma Gandhi told that Britishers can go away from India if the Indian would not corporate Britishers.
 

i) The anti-defection law was introduced to curb the growing trend of elected representatives who changed political parties to become ministers or to get cash rewards.
ii) The affidavit requirement was an order passed by the Supreme Court as a measure to curb the challenge of money and muscle power.
 iii) The third reform measure was made by the Election Commission where for all political parties it was mandatory to hold regular elections and also file their income tax returns.
Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties: 
iv) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the decision-making bodies of the party. 
 v) There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.

Intermediate goods are referred to as those goods that are used by businesses in producing goods or services. These goods are also known as producer goods.

In other words, intermediate goods are used for producing final goods or consumer goods or it can be said that they act as inputs in other goods and constitute the final goods as an ingredient.

These goods are also called semi-finished goods. Intermediate goods can be used in three ways, which are

1. Produced and used for self.
2. Produce intermediate goods and sell them to other businesses.
3. Purchased by companies for a specific use or for creating another intermediate product.

• Community Resources are resources that belongs to the entire community. These resources help in meeting certain needs and demands of the communities.
• The Chipko Movement was an example of communities coming together to save forests from the reckless felling by private contractors.
• Sacred groves are an example of the conservation of forests by tribal and village communities. Many forest areas are considered sacred by these communities, and any kind of activity or human interference in these patches of forests is banned. This leads to the protection of forest resources.

National Resources: Resources owned by Individual Nations are called National Resources. For example – Government land, Roads, canals, railway, etc.

Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a particular region, but not yet used properly. For example – Rajasthan and Gujarat receive plenty of solar energy and have plenty of wind energy, but use of these resources so far has not been developed properly.

Developed Resources: Resources which are developed and surveyed for utilization and are being used in present time are known as Developed Resources.

1. Stock: Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.
2. Reserves: Resources which are available and the knowhow to use them is also present but they are yet to be used are called Reserves. For example – river water which is not used to generate electricity.

1. Stock: Resources that are available, but we do not have proper technology to used them are called Stock. For example – water is made of oxygen and hydrogen, which can be used as fuel, but because of lack of proper technology these are not being used.
2. Reserves: Resources which are available and the knowhow to use them is also present but they are yet to be used are called Reserves. For example – river water which is not used to generate electricity.

International Resources: Resources regulate by International bodies are called International Resources. For example – Ocean and sea beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone and is called open sea or ocean. No individual country can utilize these resources without the permission of International bodies.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total sum of the value of the final goods and services of the Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors of the economy of a country produced during a year.
The counting of the various goods and services for calculating GDP can he understood by the following example
Wheat and Hour are intermediate goods used for making final products like bread and biscuits. Intermediate products should not be counted in the figure of GDP. Biscuits and breads are the final products prepared using flour and other ingredients like sugar, salt, oil etc.

Multi-Party System If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-party system.

Underemployment is a condition where there are too many workers who are employed in a particular job relative to the number of workers who are actually required to do that job. Hence, workers are inefficiently employed in a situation of underemployment. For example, in the Indian agricultural sector, there are often too many people who are working to cultivate a particular plot of farmland. The particular farmland may not be able to support so many workers.