The modern forms of money include currency and deposits in bank.Currency which are paper notes and coins in form has been authorised by the govt. of India. Though they are not made from precious metal or of everyday use but being legalised by the RBI these act like medium of exchange in settling transactions smoothly. Also,these have provided a safe and secure way for the people to handle their transactions.
Now,with the gradual changes people have now started opening their account in bank to keep the money as demand deposits where their money is safe, they get interest on their deposit and also can avail cheque facility where they can settle payments without the use of cash.Here, this signifies the role of bank and hence it as been claimed that the modern form of money are closely linked to the modern baking system.

Only "India"

India

India is the largest consumer of sugar

India is the world's largest consumer of sugar. And in recent years, India became a close competitor with Brazil for the top producer spot, now producing around 30m tonnes annually. Given their massive consumption and production, the industry is very large in India.

United States

India have already finished 70 years after it received it's independence. Fight for independence wasn't a easy one. We mustn't forget that freedom is the blood of many fighters. We must try to contribute to develop India. India is still a developing country. So every citizen of India must contribute to its development.

Some measures which would handy for india's development mission :

A) Helping the poor people in the country :- we need to help the poor people in the country. We must help the needy. Government has to provide basic requirements to the poor.

B) Stopping Corruption :- Corruption is a major issue in the country. We need to stop it. The situation at now is " Police comes for 100 rupees not by dialing 100 ". This situation must change.

C) Improvement in the social status of women :- Women should be given equal importance with men in all regards. We should educate children to respect women. We see that crime rate against women is increasing day by day. It is also to be taken care that women's should be respected.

D) Providing great status to farmers :- Farmers are truly the back bone of India. We see most of the Indian farmers are poor.we must try to improve their financial status.

E) Providing Employment :- We must provide employment to the youth. These days even a person who is doctor in some subjects [ Ph.D] is just roaming searching for jobs.

F) Encouraging the children and giving freedom to Intelligents:- Children are the future builders of the nation. We must make them grow in a friendly manner. They must be encouraged to think about the country and development. We must also allow the intelligent thinkers to express their ideas and initiatives as they may become a crucial factor in developing.

G) Exploitation of rights is seen every where, Not the intelligents get job but the one who are rich. Many sectors has many degrades. The sectors should consider it their responsibility, so that everything works out well for making India developed.

India being developed isn't a goal which can be achieved by a single individual, but by everyone. But the mission to development can be achieved only if a single individual that is self, be passionate and inspire all others to walk for developing.

Steelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron ore and scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. Limiting dissolved gases such as nitrogen and oxygen, and entrained impurities (termed "inclusions") in the steel is also important to ensure the quality of the products cast from the liquid steel. Steelmaking has existed for millennia, but it was not commercialized on a massive scale until the 19th century. The ancient craft process of steelmaking was the crucible process. In the 1850s and 1860s, the Bessemer process and the Siemens-Martin process turned steelmaking into a heavy industry. Today there are two major commercial processes for making steel, namely basic oxygen steelmaking, which has liquid pig-iron from the blast furnace and scrap steel as the main feed materials, and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, which uses scrap steel or direct reduced iron (DRI) as the main feed materials. Oxygen steelmaking is fuelled predominantly by the exothermic nature of the reactions inside the vessel where as in EAF steelmaking, electrical energy is used to melt the solid scrap and/or DRI materials. In recent times, EAF steelmaking technology has evolved closer to oxygen steelmaking as more chemical energy is introduced into the process.... hope it would be helpful✌?

Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Satyagraha:
Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 from South Africa. Gandhiji’s novel method of mass agitation is know as ‘Satyagraha’. Satyagraha emphasized truth. Gandhiji believed that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. A satyagrahi can win the battle through non-violence. People, including oppressors, had to be persuaded to see the truth. Truth was bound to ultimately triumph.

In India the first was at Champaran in 1916 to inspire plantation workers to struggle against oppressive plantation system. In 1917 Satyagraha at Kheda to support peasants.

In 1918 Satyagraha at Ahmadabad:
Among the cotton mill workers.

‘Hind Swaraj’:
The famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi, which emphasized non-cooperation to British rule in India.

New economic situation created in India by the First World War:

1. Manchester imports into India declined as the British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army paving the way for the Indian mills to supply for the huge home market
2. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs. As a result new factories were set up, new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hrs.
3. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically after the war, as it was unable to modernize and compete with US, Germany, Japan. Hence within colonies like India, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position capturing the home market.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919:
It gave the British government enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

Jallianwala Bagh incident:
On 13th April 1919, a crowd of villagers who had come to attend a Baisakhi fair, gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Being from outside the city, many were not aware of the martial law that had been imposed as a repressive measure. General Dyer with his British troops entered the park and closed the only exit point without giving any warning to the assembled people and ordered the troops to fire at the crowds, killing hundreds. This brutal act of General Dyer provoked unparalleled indignation. As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many North Indian towns. There were hartals, clashes and attacks on government buildings.

Non-cooperation programme was adopted at Nagpur in Dec. 1920.

Effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economy of India:
Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922. Its value dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. Many merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. People began discarding imported clothes and wearing Indian ones. The production of Indian textile mills and hand looms went up. Use of khadi was popularized.

Non-cooperation Movement in the countryside:

• In Awadh, the peasants’ movement led by Baba Ramchandra was against talukdars and landlords who demanded extremely high rents and a variety of other ceases from the peasants. Peasants were forced to work in landlords’ farms without any payment (beggar). Peasants had no security of tenure, thus being regularly evicted so that they could acquire no right over the leased land. The demands of the peasants were— reduction of revenue, abolition of beggar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s against the closure of forest areas by the colonial government, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. They felt that their traditional rights were being denied.
• For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave tea gardens without permission. In fact the permission was hardly granted. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities and left for their homes.

Slowing down of Non-cooperation Movement in cities:

• Khadi cloth was more expensive than mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. As a result they could not boycott mill cloth for too long.
• Alternative Indian institutions were not there which could be used in place of the British ones.
  These were slow to come up.
• So students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers joined back work in government courts.

Khilafat movement:
Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.

Chauri Chaura incident:
In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to launch a no tax movement. The police opened fire at the people who were taking part in a demonstration, without any provocation. The people turned violent in their anger and attacked the police station and set fire to it. The incident took place at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.

When the news reached Gandhiji, he decided to call off the Non-cooperation movement as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle.

Swaraj Party was founded by C.R. Das and Moti Lai Nehru for return to council Politics. Simon Commission 1928 and boycott. Lahore Congress session and demand for Puma Swaraj in 1929. Dandi march and the beginning of civil Disobedience movement.
Features of Civil Disobedience Movement:

• People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but also to break colonial laws.
• Foreign cloth was boycotted and people were asked to picket liquor shops.
• Peasants were asked not to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
• Students, lawyers and village officials were asked not to attend English medium schools, colleges, courts and offices.

‘Salt March’:
On 31st January, 1930 Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands, one of which was the demand to abolish Salt Tax. Salt was one of the most essential food items consumed by the rich and poor alike and a tax on it was considered an oppression on the people by the British Government. Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was an ultimatum and if his demands were not fulfilled by March 11, he had threatened to launch a civil disobedience campaign. So, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by Swaraj and urged them to peace-fully defy the British. On 6th April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Who participated in the movement?
Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country. Gandhiji led the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement. In the countryside, the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement. As rich communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also by refusing to buy and sell the imported goods. The industrial working class of Nagpur region also participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Railway workers, dock workers, mineral of Chhota Nagpur, etc. participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

Limits of the movement
less participation by untouchables—Ambedker for separate electorate and Poona pact of 1932, Luke warm response by some Muslim Political Organization.

Provisions of Poona pact of 1932:
Signed between Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji. It gave depressed classes reserved seats in central provincial councils but they were to be voted by the general electorate.

The sense of collective belonging:
Though nationalism spread through the experience of united struggle but a variety of cultural processes captured the imagination of Indians and promoted a sense of collective belonging:

1. Use of figures or images: The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. Devotion to the mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism
2. Indian folklore: Nationalists started recording and using folklore’s and tales, which they believed, gave a true picture of traditional culture that had been corrupted and damaged by outside forces. So preservation of these became a way to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of price in one’s past.
3. Use of icons and symbols in the form of flags: Carrying the tricolor flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance and promoted a sense of collective belonging.
4. Reinterpretation of history: Indians began looking into the past to rediscover the glorious developments in ancient times in the field of art, science, mathematics, religion and culture, etc. This glorious time was followed by a history of decline when India got colonized, as Indian history was miserably written by the colonizers.

Power sharing is the need in democracy because it helps in reducing the possibility of conflict between the social groups. Because social conflict often leads to violence and political instability and also Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.

Reasons for concentration of jute mills along the Hoogly river:

• West Bengal is the storehouse of jute. It produces the highest quantity of jute.
• The industry requires a lot of water which is easily available from the Hoogly river.
• Cheap labour is easily available because of migrating labour from neighbouring states of Bihar and Odisha.
• Inexpensive water transport in the river Hoogly is available.
• A large urban sector in Kolkata provides banking, insurance and loan facilities.
• Kolkata is a good harbour which can provide facilities for the export of jute products in various parts of the world.

National political parties

1. Democracies that follow a federal system all over the world tend to have two kinds of political parties: parties that are present in only one of the federal units and parties that are present in several or all units of Federation.
2. Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. While the Election Commission treats all parties equally it offers some special facilities to large and established parties.
3. Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called, ‘recognised political parties’.
4. According to this classification, there were six national recognised parties in the country in 2006. These are:
I) Indian National Congress
II) Bharatiya Janta Party
III) Bahujan Samaj Party
IV) Communist Party of Indian-Marxist
V) Communist Party of India
VI) Nationalist Congress Party

State party

1. Other than these six parties, most of the major parties of the country are classified by the Election Commission as ‘State parties’.
2. Parties like the
I) Samajwadi party,
II) Samata party and Rashtriya Janta Dal have national level political organization with units in several states.

3. Some of these parties like Biju Janta Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and Mizo national Front are conscious about their state identity.
4. Over the last three decades, the number and strength of these parties has expanded.

Three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe were:

•  Romanticism was a European cultural movement aimed at developing national unity by creating a sense of shared heritage and common history. The Romantic artists' emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings gave shape and expression to nationalist sentiments. The strength of art in promoting nationalism is well exemplified in the role played by European poets and artists in mobilising public opinion to support the Greeks in their struggle to establish their national identity.
•  Folk songs, dances and poetry contributed to popularising the spirit of nationalism and patriotic fervour in Europe. Collecting and recording the different forms of folk culture was important for building a national consciousness. Being a part of the lives of the common people, folk culture enabled nationalists to carry the message of nationalism to a large and diverse audience. The Polish composer Karol Kurpinski celebrated and popularised the Polish nationalist struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
• Language also played a distinctive role in developing nationalist feelings in Europe. An example of this is how during Russian occupation, the use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance. During this period, Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. Following the defeat of an armed rebellion against Russian rule in 1831, many members of the clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. They did so by refusing to preach in Russian, and by using Polish for Church gatherings and religious instruction. The emphasis on the use of vernacular language, the language of the masses, helped spread the message of national unity.

What help do you need ? "Project file" ?

Liberalism: Derived from Latin word 'liber'means 'free'.It meant differently to different people.
Middle class: For the new middle classes it stood for freedom of individual and equality of all before law.
Politically: It emphasized government by consent. There was to be an end to autocracy and clerical privileges. The right to vote was meant to be only for property-owning men. The lower classes were therefore not included. ln general, it stood for the inviolability of private property and freedom of the markets from state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods.

1789

In the year 1789, French Revolution started leading to a series of the events started by the middle class. The people had revolted against the cruel regime of the monarchy. This revolution had put forth the ideas of liberty, fraternity as well as equality

1789

German: In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans. They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military got together to repress them and they gained support from the landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) too. Prussia soon became the leader of the German unification movement. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy. The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years time. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

COPRA stands for Consumer Protection Act which was applied on 1986 to protect consumers from fake market price, expiry dates and to aware consumers about importance of consumers rights.

Its features are:

Applies to all goods and services unless specifically exempted by the union government.

i). Covers all the sectors whether private, public or cooperative.

ii). Provisions of the Act are compensatory in nature.

iii). Enshrines the consumer’s right.

iv). Empower consumers seeking discontinuances of certain unfair and restrictive trade practices, defects or deficiencies in services, and stopping in services, or withdrawal of hazardous goods from the market.

• Economists suggest that the values of goods and services should be used rather than adding up the actual numbers. The value of goods and seivices in the three sectors are calculated and thep added up.
• Not every good (or service), that is produced and sold, needs to be counted. It makes sense only to include final goods and services.
  For example: A farmer sells wheat to a flour mill for ? 8 per kg. The mill grinds the wheat and sells the flour to a biscuit company for ? 10 per kg. The biscuit company uses flour, sugar and oil to make the packets of biscuits. It sells biscuits in the market to the consumer for ? 15 per packet. Now, biscuits are the final goods, i.e., goods that reach the consumer.
• Intermediate goods are used up in producing final goods and services. The value of final goods already includes the value of all the intermediate goods that are used in making the final goods.
  So, the value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year, provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the sum of production in three sectors gives us the ‘Gross.Domestic Product or GDP’.

It means a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority, e.g., Sri Lanka opted for majoritarianism in which majority Sinhalas rule the country.

The oldest Japanese book is DIAMOND SUTRA.

 One feature of it is: it contained six sheets of text with woodcut illustrations.

we need to expand formal sources of credit in india because:-
(1) There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector.
(2) There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
(3) Formal sources of credit are less risky and they charge less rate of interest .
(4) The RBI supervises the functioning of formal sourcesif loans.

People belonging to one language community such as French, German and Dutch irrespective of where they live elects the community government in Belgium.
The king is the head as well as the prime minister of the state in Belgium.
It forms a federal, democratic and constitutional monarchy.

Ch1RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE Ch2 RISE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA

An austrain chancellor Duke Metternich remarked -"when france sneezes rest of the europe catches cold".

Urban area: rikhsaw puller, small business men, labour ,auto drivers, staff of small private company. Rular area: Small farmer, agriculture labour ,small bussiness worker,people whoes work based on daily wages, worker of shop.

The most satisfactory feature of land use pattern of our country is the Barren and Waste land has reduced from 12.01% (1960-61) to 6.29% (2002-03). Q3: Which is the most unsatisfactory feature of our land use pattern? Ans: Land under forests has changed marginally.

Municipal Head or Mayor

A person who is strongly committed to a party and supports them is known as a partisan. The tendency to prefer a particular party over other parties is known as partisanship.

What do you understand by ‘Bhoodan’ and ‘Gramdan’?

Answer:
Some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not assure but promised to talk to the government regarding that. Suddenly Shri Ram Chandra Reddy, stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 landless villagers. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. Similarly, some zamindars, owners of many villages, offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as ‘Gramdan’.
This Gramdan & Bhoodan movement was initiated by Vinoba Bhave. It is also known as the ‘Bloodless Revolution’.

Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. hope it will help you buddy :)

Industrialization, along with new inventions in transportation including the railroad, generated economic growth. There was now a large working class, and this would eventually lead to conflict between workers and factory owners.

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Power sharing is desirable because of the following reasons. Power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order as social conflict often leads to violence and political instability.

Because of following reasons 1.It reduces the chance of conflict. 2.It provide equality

Because it reduced the possibilities of conflicts among government