A n s w e r ;
The liberal nationalists belonged to the educated middle class elite among whom were the professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.

Because It can increase the crop production and farmers get their real income in agriculture

• Increase in Agricultural Production: Foodgrains in India saw a great rise in output. It was a remarkable increase. The biggest beneficiary of the plan was the Wheat Grain. The production of wheat increased to 55 million tonnes in 1990 from just 11 million tonnes in 1960.
• Increase in per Acre Yield: Not only did the Green Revolution increase the total agricultural output, it also increased the per hectare yield. In case of wheat, the per hectare yield increased from 850 kg/hectare to an incredible 2281 kg/hectare by 1990.
• Less Dependence on Imports: After the green revolution, India was finally on its way to self-sufficiency. There was now enough production for the population and to build a stock in case of emergencies. We did not need to import grains or depend on other countries for our food supply. In fact, India was able to start exporting its agricultural produce.
• Employment: It was feared that commercial farming would leave a lot of the labour force jobless. But on the other hand, we saw a rise in rural employment. This is because the supporting industries created employment opportunities. Irrigation, transportation, food processing, marketing all created new jobs for the workforce.
• A Benefit to the Farmers: The Green Revolution majorly benefited the farmers. Their income saw a significant raise. Not only were they surviving, they were prospering. It enabled them to shift to commercial farming from only sustenance farming.

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The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

8 Marks To identify the main points from the text Marking: 8 marks - 1 mark for each correct answer. No penalty for spelling, punctuation or grammatical mistakes Read the following passage carefully. 1.1 On the basis of your reading of the above passage, answer the following questions. (a) The Dancing Girl belongs to Ans. (i) Mohenjo-daro. (b) In the museum she’s kept among Ans (iii) terracotta animals. (c) Which information is not given in the passage? Ans (iv) She cannot be rediscovered as she’s bronze. (d) ‘Great Art’ has power because Ans (i) it appeals to us despite a passage of time (e) The jewellery she wears Ans (iv) Neither (i) nor (ii) is correct. (f) She reminds us Ans (ii) why museums in our country are exciting. (g) The synonym of the word ‘‘among’’ in paragraph 1 is ____ Ans amid. (h) The size of the dancing girl is equal to the length of the human palm. (True/False) Ans True 2. Objective: To comprehend the passage To identify the main points from the text Marking:-2 marks each No penalty for spelling, punctuation or grammatical mistakes

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The role of women in nationalist struggles: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement, in which large numbers of women had participated actively over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this, they were denied suffrage during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

1830 to 1848 is rightly referred to as the age of revolution because it was during this period that the world witnessed the rise of liberal nationalism that stood in opposition to conservative regimes across Europe. Liberal nationalism is an idea where the Government is based on the free will of the people. This was first demand in France and is known as the French Revolution. During this time, in France, the liberal revolutionaries fought to overthrow the conservative regime to establish constitutional monarchy and then the Republic. This led to the revolution spreading to other countries of Europe too. Greece for example was one such country where the nationalist movement culminated in the Independence of Greece. That is why the period is rightly called the Age of Revolution.

1830 to 1848 is rightly referred to as the age of revolution because it was during this period that the world witnessed the rise of liberal nationalism that stood in opposition to conservative regimes across Europe.

Liberal nationalism is an idea where the Government is based on the free will of the people. This was first demand in France and is known as the French Revolution. During this time, in France, the liberal revolutionaries fought to overthrow the conservative regime to establish constitutional monarchy and then the Republic. This led to the revolution spreading to other countries of Europe too. Greece for example was one such country where the nationalist movement culminated in the Independence of Greece. That is why the period is rightly called the Age of Revolution. 

• Rich peasants like patidars of Gujarat and jats of uttar Pradesh were active in this movement.
• Being producers of commercial crops ,they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.
• As their cash income disappeared ,they found it impossible to pay the govt 's revenue demand.
• For them fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenue.

A deposit in a Bank offers the customer the facility of issuing cheques. A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been made. The recipient of the cheque can deposit it in his own account in his bank. The money is transferred from one bank account to another bank account in a couple of days. The transaction is complete without any payment of cash. This is a safe mode of transferring money avoiding the possibility of any theft.

1. Money, the primary means of transaction, is of great importance in our everyday life. It is the most accepted mode of carrying out almost every transaction and exchange.

 2. Money is used in obtaining the basic necessities of life including food, clothing, and shelter. It is also essential in getting access to services such as education, transportation. healthcare services, sanitation and other means of entertainment.

3. Money forms the basis of almost every transaction and therefore is the basis of business and trade activities. It is thus, the most significant tool that helps in the smooth functioning and growth of the economy.

Economic, social and political development of any country is called National development....

 National development is a comprehensive term which includes improvement in living standard of the people, increase in per capita income, providing social amenities like education,medical care, social services, etc. to the citizens of the country.
(i) Under national development, a country uses its resources in a fair and just way.
(ii) Under this only those programmes and policies are implemented which would benefit a large number of people.
(iii) Under national development, countries focus more on social infrastructure which includes education, health and other social services.

If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in an alliance with others, it is known as a multi-party system.

In India, we have a multi-party system. In this system, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power,it is called an alliance or a front. For example, in India there were three such major alliances in 2004 parliamentary elections—the National Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the Left Front.

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. It is considered as backbone of development because:

(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but also forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. 

 

Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of economic development because:

(i)Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(ii)Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. 
(iii)It also helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(iv)Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(v)Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous.

Thank you guys for your help in answers...

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Suffrage means right to vote

Universal Adult Franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or gender. It is based on equality, which is a basic principle of democracy.

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• Vinobha Bhave introduced voluntary redistribution of farm-lands to poor landless farmers for their economic well-being. This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.
• Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.
• This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinobha Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.

The following steps should be taken :

(i) Before imposing trade barrier interest of the  developing countries should be taken care.

(ii) Rules and regulations should be uniform.

(iii) Ensure that the developed countries do not  retain trade barriers unfairly.

(iv) Labour laws should be implemented properly.

(v) Small producers should be supported to  improve their performance till they become  strong enough to compete.

.The earlier phase of industrialisation in which large scale production was carried out for international market not at factories but in decentralised units.
(i) Huge demand : The world trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and the 18th centuries. The acquisition of colonies
was also responsible for the increase in demand. The town producers failed to produce the required quantity.
(ii) Powerful town producers :
• The town producers were very powerful,
• The producers could not expand the production a: will. This was because in the towns, urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people within the trade.
(iii) Monopoly rights : The rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.
(iv) New economic situation in the countryside : Open fields were disappearing in the countryside and the commons were being enclosed. Cottagers and poor peasants who were earlier depended on common lands became jobless So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce, peasants households eagerly agreed.

Belgium has diverse regional languages so it might lead to conflicts between them as they have own interest so that's why it adopted federalism

To avoid the conflict between different communities of Belgium they adopted the idea of federalism

Because even though it is a small country, it has diverse population made up of multilingual groups. These multilingual groups have their own interest which might lead to social conflict. to avoid these conflicts they have adopted federalism. 

Cotton textile industry, Jute textile industry,Sugar industry,

Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhiji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.

A non-violent method used by Gandhi ji against the oppressor was called satyagraha.

A non-violent method used by Gandhi ji against the oppressor was called satyagraha.

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Satyagraha was a novel method of mass agitation. The idea of Satyagraha emphasized upon the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
Through non-violent methods a Satyagraha could appeal the conscience of the oppressor by the power of truth, which was bound to win.

(a) Growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement because:

• Colonisation affected people’s freedom.
• The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people of different groups which resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals.
• People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism.

(b) The First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India in the following ways:

• During the First World War, the British army forcibly recruited people from the rural areas of India. 
• To finance the defence expenditure, custom duties were raised and income taxes were imposed.
• During 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India which resulted in acute food shortages. All this caused extensive anger and opposition against the British colonial rule, and the national movement of India headed towards a stronger and more definitive direction.

(c) Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act due to the following reasons:

• The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition from Indian members.
• It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without a trial for two years.
• It was clearly injustice and oppressive for Indians..

(d) Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the following reasons:

• The movement was turning violent at few places. In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed.
• Gandhiji felt that the Safyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
• Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in elections to the provincial councils.

a) On 13th April 1919, a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh – some to protest against the British government’s repressive measures, others to attend the annual Baishakhi Fair. These people were unaware of the imposition of Martial Law in the city. General Dyer, the Commander, blocked the exit points from the Bagh and opened fire upon the innocent citizens. Dyer’s intention was to produce a ‘moral effect’ and terrorize satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people including women and children were killed and wounded due to this indiscriminate firing by the British soldiers, which ultimately led to nation-wide outrage. Jallianwala Bagh incident was the most brutal incident in the History of India.

b) The Simon Commission was constituted by the Tory Government in Britain, under Sir John Simon. The objective of the Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest some constitutional changes. But nationalists in India opposed the Commission because it had not a single Indian member. Therefore, when the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan “Go Back Simon”. All parties, including Congress and the Muslim league, participated in the demonstrations.

Various classes and different social groups of Indians participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement led by Gandhiji in 1930. All of them joined this movement on account of their own needs, aspirations and limited understanding.
(i) In the rural areas, rich farmers and peasant communities such as Patidars (Gujarat) and Jats in Uttar Pradesh were very hardly hit by the trade depression and they participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement and supported the boycott programmes.
(ii) The poor peasants also demanded that their dues of rent should be remitted.
(iii) The business classes participated in the movement to oppose the colonial policies that restricted business activities.  
(iv) Some prominent industrialists supported the movement financially and boycott the trading of foreign goods.
(v) The industrial working classes except the workers in Nagpur region stayed away from this movement as big industrialists came closer to the Congress. This was the first time that the large number of women participated in the Nationalist Movement

• Political Fragmentation: Like Germany, Italy was also politically fragmented. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Prince.
• Role ofMazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini made efforts to unite Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ for achieving his goal.
• Role of Count Cavour: He was the chief minister who led the movement to unify Italy. He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces.
• Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi also formed armed volunteers. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdoms of Two Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers.
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.

Balkan party ZINDABAD.!

Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. It generally criticised the glorification of reason and Science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. Romanticism, a cultural movement, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. It generally criticised the glorification of reason and Science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

A n s w e r:
Many powers of the Central government have been given to State government of the two regions of the country. The State governments are not subordinate to the Central Government.

Balkan region was a source of tension because of the following reasons:

 

(1) It was a region of geographical, ethnic variation comprising Romania, Bulgaria, etc:and its inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs.

 

(2) Large part of Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire and the disintegration of which created an explosive situation. One by one its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.

 

(3) Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they were independent but subsequently subjugated.

 

(4) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other & hoped to gain territory.

 

(5) Matters complicated because of intense rivalry among European powers over Trade & colonies as well as naval and military might. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war.

Ans.~ Manchester export to India declined after the First World War because the British industries and mills were busy in fulfilling the needs of the army. Most of the products were manufactured for meeting the war needs. Hence, the supply to India became restricted and the home market in India got an opportunity to supply their products. HoPe It HeLpS yOu??

Manchester export to India declined after the First World War because the British industries and mills  were busy in fulfilling the needs of the army. Most of the products were manufactured for meeting the war needs.Hence, the supply to India became restricted and the home market in India got an opportunity to supply their products.

Production and consumption of steel is regarded as the index of a country’s development because of the following reasons: 

• The production and consumption of iron and steel reflects the level of industrialisation and economic development of a country. 
• All the other industries depend on it for their machinery. It provides raw material for making industrial machinery, electrical machinery, defence equipments, bridges, dams, shops, houses, etc. 
• Vehicles carrying goods from one place to another are also made up of steel. It is because of these vehicles that our goods are transported from one place to another. 
• Steel is required to manufacture a variety of consumer goods, like bicycles, fans, furniture, tractors, etc. 
• It is the basic unit of economy. All buildings and infrastructures are constructed using iron and steel. 

Production and consumption of steel are often regarded as the index of a country's development as:

• The products of these enterprises are used as the raw material in different industries.
• For this reason it is called the feeder industry.
• Steel products are required for exports.
• Steel is used to create various machinery for ensuring country’s growth.

 

Rabi season : Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. These crops are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and north - western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops. 

 

Kharif season :Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September - October. Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur(arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

 

Zaid season : In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops produced during 'zaid' are watermelon, muskmelon, cumumber, vegetables and fodder crops.

a. India is an agricultural country.

b. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood.

c. Agriculture is the main stay of India's economy.

d. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.

e. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for Industries.

f. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity.