The loan activities of Banks:
(i)Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits as cash with themselves. This is kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
(ii)Since, on any particular day, only some of its many depositors come to withdraw cash, the bank is able to manage with this cash.
(iii)Banks use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities.
(iv)Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people. In this way, banks mediate between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers).
(v)Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.

The economic strength of a country lies in the development of manufacturing industries because: 

(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy. 

(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. 

(iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.

(iv) It brings down regional disparities. 

(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and enhances prosperity. 

(vi) It brings much needed foreign exchange

• Credit plays a crucial role in a country’s development. By sanctioning loans to developing industries and trade, banks provide them with the necessary aid for improvement.
• This leads to increase in the production, profits and employment. However, caution must be exercised in the case of loans from the informal sector which include high interest rates that may be more harmful than good.
• For this reason, it is important that the formal sector gives out more loans so that borrowers are not duped by moneylenders, and can ultimately contribute to national development.
• For example- A loan given to a fresh post-graduate for setting up a business might contribute to employment generation, infrastructure development in the near future.

ANSWER

• Credit plays a crucial role in a country’s development. By sanctioning loans to developing industries and trade, banks provide them with the necessary aid for improvement.
• This leads to increase in the production, profits and employment. However, caution must be exercised in the case of loans from the informal sector which include high interest rates that may be more harmful than good.
• For this reason, it is important that the formal sector gives out more loans so that borrowers are not duped by moneylenders, and can ultimately contribute to national development.
• For example- A loan given to a fresh post-graduate for setting up a business might contribute to employment generation, infrastructure development in the near future.

Gandhi had made certain demands on behalf of the whole of the Indian National Congress to the British Government. When these demands were not fulfilled, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. The following are four important features of the movement:

1. The movement began with Gandhi’s march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On 6th April, Gandhi reached Dandi where he broke the Salt Law in defiance of the British, by making salt from sea water.  

2. All classes and categories of people were now asked to not only be uncooperative of the British regime but also break unjust colonial laws.  

3. As soon as the movement started, all important leaders including Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. In all, 90,000 people were arrested and 67 newspapers were banned. 

4. During the movement, salt was manufactured in many areas, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed and peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. A large number of village officials also resigned and forest laws were violated on a large scale. 

The government started negotiations with Gandhi (who was in jail) to bring an end to the Civil Disobedience Movement. This resulted in the signing of a pact between Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India and Gandhi which came to be known as the “Gandhi Irwin Pact”.

The various challenges faced by political parties are:
Lack of Internal democracy:
• Every member of the party does not have a chance to take part in the decision-making process.
• Every member is not consulted before taking a decision.
• There is no proper organisation or registration of members.
• Power remains in the hands of a few top leaders, who do not consult ordinary members.
• Ordinary members have no information about the internal working of the party.
Dynastic Succession: With power in the hands of a few top leaders, all party positions go to their family members. These members may not be qualified or have the ability to hold their positions.

Money and Muscle Power:
• Money is needed to organise demonstrations, public meetings, and speeches to publicise the image of the party. Parties choose those candidates who can raise money for the party and win elections with their money.
• Sometimes parties also support criminals candidates because they can win elections.

The meaningful choice to others: Most of the political parties have the same fundamental and ideological issues. Voters do not have a meaningful choice. Even leaders keep changing parties, thus confusing the voter. 

Advantages of roadways over railways are
(i) Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines.
(ii) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography.
(iii) Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
(iv) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.
Thus, it can be concluded that roadways still have an edge over railways in India.

Advantages of pipeline transport are as follows:-
1)It is a safe and reliable mode of transport system.
2)It is an economical and dependable mode of transport system particular to the strategic and sensitive areas.
3)It produces a long term infrastructural option.
4)The difficulties in handling large volume of products by rail from one loading point is reduced.

Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry. According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.5% is covered by forests, and 3.45% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.
 

The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas. Industrialization and urbanization also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.

The French Revolution which took place in 1789 had various impact on Europe
(i) The revolution led to the setting up of Jacobin Clubs in different cities of Europe by students and other members of educated middle classes. It further paved the way for the French armies to moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and some parts of Italy in the 1790s. The idea of nationalism began to be carried by French armies.
(ii) Another impact of the revolution was the rise of Napoleon. He took several steps to reform the economy of Europe. The most important among them was the civil code of 1804 which brought the concept of equality of law and uniform laws.
(iii) The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. They wanted to help other people of Europe to become nations.

As per the Election Commission, a political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a National party if:-

(i) It secures at least six percent of the valid votes polled in any four or more states, at a general election to the House of the People or, to the State Legislative Assembly; and

(ii) In addition, it wins at least four seats in the House of the People from any State or States.

or

it wins at least two percent (2%) seats in the House o the People and these members are elected from at least three different States.

 ical party to be eligible for recognition as a State Party in a state, it has to satisfy any of the five conditions listed below.

Conditions for Recognition as a State Party

1) Secure at least 6% of the valid vote & win at least 2 seats in an Assembly General Election.

2) Secure at least 6% of the valid vote & win at least 1 seats in a Lok Sabha General Election.

3) Win at least 3% of the seats or at least 3 seats, whichever is more, in an Assembly General Election.

4) Win at least 1 out of every 25 seats from a state in a Lok Sabha General Election.

5) Secure at least 8% of the total valid vote in an Assembly or a Lok Sabha General Election

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India. 

Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:

• Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.
• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government. 

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors such as:

•  Technological development provides sophisticated equipment. As a result, production increases ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.

•  Technological development also leads to economic development. When the economic condition of a country rises, the needs of people also rise. It again results into more consumption of resources.

• Economic development provides favorable environment for the development of latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally, it results into the consumption of new available resources too.

It is true that development for one may not be development for the other.
(i) More wages means development for a worker, but it can go against the entrepreneur.
(ii) A rich farmer or trader wants to sell food grains at a higher price but a poor worker wants to purchase it for low prices.
(iii) Construction of a dam means more and cheap power, but people, who will lose their habitat will demonstrate.
(iv) To get more electricity, the industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the people

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend.

(i) Democracy is a rule of the majority means that rule by majority views.

(ii) Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority in terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, poors or rich.

(iii) It means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form majority.

• So, to say that democracy must be a rule of the poor will give rise to a further division of society on a different line and lead to conflict.

• Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time

(i)   Democracy is a rule of the majority means that rule by majority views.

(ii)  Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority in terms of religion, race, linguistic groups, poors or rich.

(iii) It means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different  persons and groups may and can form majority.

•  So, to say that democracy must be a rule of the poor will give rise to a further division of society on a different line and lead to conflict.

• Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. 

It is because resources are in limited amount in the world and we should be aware of reducing the wastage of resources. For example the prices of petrol and diesel are increasing, prices of gold and silver are increasing, advertisement are made for reducing wastage of electricity.

The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars tore down the ancient structure of Europe, hastened the advent of nationalism, and inaugurated the era of modern, total warfare. Causes and Effects of the French Revolution. Napoleon strengthened the central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime. ... Napoleon developed a new law code, the Napoleonic Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles.

The declining share of agriculture in GDP become a serious concern for India because:

• Reduction of import duties on agricultural product.
• Subsidy on fertilizers has decreased, leading to a rise in cost of production.
• Indian farmers are facing challenge from International competitions.
• Government is reducing investment in agricultural sectors, especially the irrigation sector.
• There are many industries that process crops/ foods from agricultural sector. They will be out of business too. So economy goes down