Okkk thank you so much for the help

Air transport is preferred mainly in the north eastern states of India. The reasons are : 1. it can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forest with great ease. 2. the north-eastern part of the country is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief , dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers and the air travel has made access to these places easier. 3. in north eastern states there are special provisions to extend services to the common people. 4.fastest mode of tansport. 5. luxorious and comfortable.

Service sector is gaining more importance in the global economy because of the following reasons-

1.- Service sector is gaining more importance because demand for basic services increases in the global economy.

2.- Development in service sector led to the increase in the importancy of service sector in global economy.

3.- Rise in income level also lead to the increase in the service sector.

4.- Growth of informational and communication technology lead to the increase in the service sector.

5.- As tertiary sector or service sector provides variety of goods show in the global economy its importancy increases.

6.- The service sector led to the increase in the literacy rate on knowledge among the workers working in it.

Conclusion- Hence, service sectors giving more importance in global economy than the primary or secondary sector.

GDP is the final value of the goods and services produced within the geographic boundaries of a country during a specified period of time, normally a year. GDP growth rate is an important indicator of the economic performance of a country.

1. On the basis of the capital investment, industries can be classified into two categories i.e. small-scale industry and largescale industry.

2. A small-scale industry is different from a large-scale industry in terms of the amount of investment involved in both these categories.

3. For example - a small scale industry like toy manufacturing has a maximum limit of investment of rupees one crore. Any investment beyond the number of rupees one crore say, for example, iron and steel industry is considered to be a large scale industry.

Coalition government is the govt. which is formed by 2 or more than 2 parties afterelection.

Alliance is the government which is formed by joining 2 or more parties before election.

Commercial agriculture, or otherwise known as agribusiness, is a cropping method in which crops are raised and livestock are raised in order to sell the products on the market in order to make money.

In this type of agriculture, a lot of capital is invested and large-scale crops are grown in huge farms, using modern technologies, machinery, irrigation methods and chemical fertilizers. The basic characteristic of commercial agriculture is that high doses of modern inputs are used for higher productivity, such as high yielding varieties, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, weed killers, and so on.  

After an angry mob murdered police officers in the village of Chauri Chaura (now in Uttar Pradesh state) in February 1922, Gandhi himself called off the movement; the next month he was arrested without incident. The movement marked the transition of Indian nationalism from a middle-class to a mass basis.

Gandhiji called off the non cooperation movement due to chauri chaura incident where 22 police men were killed. The movement was turning into violence in many places and he felt that the satyagrahis should be properly trained before the movement and the movement should unfold into stages.

Ganshiji called of the movement as it was turning violent in many places. Villages were bombed and people were forced to run their noses on ground

Political parties are the most visible institutions in a democracy.
A political party is constituted by a group of people who contest elections and compete against each other to win the political power and rule the government.

The handwritten books were very expensive and very fragile. They were difficult to carry and had to be handled carefully. They were also not easy to read as the script was written in many styles. Because of this difficulty they were not widely read. Teachers dictated them from memory and the students wrote them down. Students learnt not to read the manuscripts but only wrote them. Though in pre-colonial period Bengal had many village primary schools, the manuscripts were not used in everyday life. Thus, students became literate without ever actually reading the texts.

They were not written in the language we understand and they may be spoiled

Chhattisgarh has stood 19th among states in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index of NITI Aayog with a score of 53, the Central Government informed on Friday. The states in the performer category were-- Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Telangana, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Delhi and Lakshadweep  The NITI Aayog on Friday had released the Baseline Report of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index, which comprehensively documents the progress made by India’s States and Union Territories towards implementing the 2030 SDG targets. The SDG India Index, which was developed in collaboration with the Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Global Green Growth Institute and United Nations in India, was launched by NITI Aayog Vice-Chairman Dr Rajiv Kumar, NITI Aayog Members Dr Ramesh Chand, Dr VK Paul and Dr VK Saraswat, CEO  Amitabh Kant, UN Resident Coordinator  Yuri Afanasiev and MoSPI Secretary and CSI  Pravin Srivastava. NITI Aayog has the twin mandate to oversee the implementation of SDGs in the country, and also promote Competitive and Cooperative Federalism among States and UTs. The SDG India Index acts as a bridge between these mandates, aligning the SDGs with the Prime Minister’s clarion call of Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, which embodies the five Ps of the global SDG movement – people, planet, prosperity, partnership and peace. The world is now into the third year of the SDG era. The SDGs are ambitious global development goals that address key aspects of universal well being across different socio-economic, cultural, geographical divisions and integrate the economic, social and environmental dimensions of development. India’s National Development Agenda is mirrored in the SDGs. India’s progress in SDGs is crucial for the world as the country is home to about 17% of the world population. The SDG India Index tracks progress of all States and UTs on 62 Priority Indicators selected by NITI Aayog, which in turn is guided by MoSPI’s National Indicator Framework comprising 306 indicators and based on multiple-round consultations with Union Ministries/Departments and States/UTs. The Index spans 13 out of 17 SDGs. Progress on SDGs 12, 13 & 14 could not be measured as relevant State/UT level data were not available and SDG 17 was left out as it focuses on international partnerships, it informed. A composite score was computed between the range of 0-100 for each State and UT based on their aggregate performance across 13 SDGs, which indicates average performance of State/UT towards achieving 13 SDGs & their respective targets. If a State/UT achieves a score of 100, it signifies that it has achieved the 2030 national targets. The higher the score of a State/UT, the greater the distance to target achieved. The SDG India Index is available via an interactive dashboard which has cross-sectoral relevance across policy, civil society, business and academia. The Index is designed to function as a tool for focussed policy dialogue, formulation and implementation, moving towards development action pegged to globally recognisable metrics of SDG framework.  The Index also supplements NITI Aayog’s continuous efforts towards encouraging evidence-based policy making by supporting States/UTs to benchmark their progress, identifying priority areas and share best practices. The SDG India Index will also help highlight crucial gaps related to tracking SDGs and the need for India to develop its statistical systems at National & State/UT levels. This shall lead to the index evolving and becoming more comprehensive over the coming years. The indicators shall be further refined and additional indicators will be added with improvement in data collection, reporting processes & methodology. NITI Aayog is also exploring potential for disaggregating data and developing capacity for real time monitoring and measuring incremental progress.

*Due effect of 1st world war. *Taxes were imposed and income tax were introduced. *prices were doubled during 1918 to 1921 due to crops failure. *Forced recruitment to rural areas and remote areas. *famines and influenza epidemic also spread due to this 12 to 13 millions people were died.

1st world war

In ☆INDIA ☆ . Political Unification: Impact of Western Education: Rediscovery of Indian's glorious past: Socio-Religious Reform Movements: Growth of Vernacular Literature: Press and Newspaper: Economic Exploitation of British: Racial Antagonism:

In europe or in India

The french revolution was the first which brought freedom .all the educated middle class , formed jacobin clubs and tried to spread the idea of freedom and nationalsim wherever they go.i.e -the armies whenever they go to other places ,they spread the idea of nationalism.thus ,they were  considered as harbingers of liberty. but this soon turned into hostility where the people found that this did not go in hand with political freedom too.
 

Importance of manufacturing industry is as follows:

• It has helped in modernising agriculture by manufacturing tractors,  tools and machines used in cultivation.
• It has reduced employment pressure on agriculture
• It has brought in much needed foreign exchange
• It has expanded trade and commerce
• Manufacturing industries have helped in eradication of unemployment and poverty
• It has helped in the growth and boom in economy. 

Manufacturing industries have contributed 17% of our GDP. Its growth was stagnated earlier. However, since 2003, it is growing at a rate of 9-10% per annum

All the groups that participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement did not have the same ideals, or same views of “Swaraj”.

(i) In the countryside : The active members were the rich peasant communities, the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh.
Reason : They were producers of commercial crops which were hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As cash income disappeared they were unable to pay the government’s revenue demands. The government refused to reduce its demands. So they joined the Civil Disobedience Movement, hoping to get the revenue demands reduced. For them “Swaraj” meant fighting against high revenues.

(ii) The poor peasants joined the movement because they were unable to pay the rent for the land they cultivated for the landlords. They did not own the land, they were small tenants who cultivated lands taken on rent from the landlords. As the Depression continued, the small tenants could not pay the rent, so they joined the movement hoping that their unpaid rent would be remitted.

(iii) The rich merchants and industrialists joined the movement to protest against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They wanted protection against import of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio to discourage imports.

(iv) The industrial workers joined the Civil Disobedience Movement dropping to get their demands passed — like laws against low wages and poor working conditions.                                                                                               All four classes were disappointed by the movement.

(a) The rich peasants lost interest because the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised and reduced. Many of them did not join the movement when it was resumed in 1932.
(b) The poor peasants were disappointed because the Congress was unwilling to support their “no rent” campaign.
(c) The industrialists were unhappy with the spread of militant activities and increasing influence of socialism in the Congress. They could not achieve their goal of colonial restrictions on business taken away, so they lost interest.
(d) The industrial working class did not get full Congress support as the Congress did not want to alienate the industrialists and divide the anti-colonial struggle. It could not include the workers’ demand in its programme.

The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in our country. This ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal in our country. This happened through the following ways:

• Linguistic States: After the independence of India in 1947, many states were created based on the languages which were spoken by the people such as Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal.
• Language Policy: The leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude while forming the language policy. While Hindi, spoken by about 40% of our population, was declared as the national language, many languages were also recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. Apart from Hindi, there are 21 scheduled languages.

• Centre–State Relations: After Independence, there were only few parties which formed governments at the centre and at the state levels. However, the condition improved after 1990 when many regional parties emerged in different states. THis led to an era of power sharing. 

When we produce a good by exploiting natural resources, it is an activity of the primary sector.

This is because it forms the base of all other products that we subsequently use.

Since most of the natural products we get from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also called agriculture and related sector.

Agriculture sector provide base for all other products Example :- sugarcane is the basic raw material, needed to make sugar or gur

(1) Starting in January 1921, the Non-Cooperation movement unfolded inthe following ways:

 • Large scale participation by all class people

• Boycott of government controlled organizations

• People started refusing to participate in council elections

• Drastic reduction in importing of foreign clothes

• Rejection of imported dress materials

As a result, Indian textile mills emerged out of the shadows and saw an upward rise

(2) Middle class people mainly participated in non cooperation movement in towns.

(3) a. The middle class group boycotted the foreign goods which helps our local products.

b. The peasants took part with the aim of fulfilling their demand of reduction of the revenue.

c. Plantation workers joined the movement in the belief of getting the right to move inside the plantations for transportation.

d. The Tribal in Andhra Pradesh took part in the movement against the British because of the restrictions imposed by them over their culture and tradition.

Non-Cooperation became a movement: 

(i) It was the view of Gandhiji that the British rule was set in India with the cooperation of Indians. 

(ii) If Indians refused cooperation, British rule in India would collapse within a year and Swaraj would come. 

(iii) Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.

 (iv) In case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

 (v) Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured extensively, mobilising popular support of the movement.

Thanks ??

1. The growth of modern nationalism was connected to the anti-colonial movement. The sense of being controlled under colonialism provided a shared bond.

2. Political unification of the country under the British also played a very important role in awakening the spirit of nationalism.

3. Introduction of the modern means of transportation especially the railways created a sense of equality among the people.

4. Formation of the Indian National Congress and other political organizations also provided the people a common platform.

5. The Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi tried to unite these groups together within one movement.

Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.  The purpose of development is a rise in the level and quality of life of the population, and the creation or expansion of local regional income and employment opportunities, without damaging the resources of the environment.  Development is visible and useful, not necessarily immediately, and includes an aspect of quality change and the creation of conditions for a continuation of that change.

The international agenda began to focus on development beginning in the second half of the twentieth century.  An understanding developed that economic growth did not necessarily lead to a rise in the level and quality of life for populations all over the world;  there was a need to place an emphasis on specific policies that would channel resources and enable social and economic mobility for various layers of the population.

Through the years, professionals and various researchers developed a number of definitions and emphases for the term “development.” Amartya Sen, for example, developed the “capability approach,” which defined development as a tool enabling people to reach the highest level of their ability, through granting freedom of action, i.e., freedom of economic, social and family actions, etc.  This approach became a basis for the measurement of development by the HDI (Human Development Index), which was developed by the UN Development Program (UNDP) in 1990.  Martha Nussbaum developed the abilities approach in the field of gender and emphasized the empowerment of women as a development tool.

In contrast, professionals like Jeffrey Sachs and Paul Collier focused on mechanisms that prevent or oppress development in various countries, and cause them to linger in abject poverty for dozens of years.  These are the various poverty traps, including civil wars, natural resources and poverty itself.  The identification of these traps enables relating to political – economic – social conditions in a country in an attempt to advance development.  One of the emphases in the work of Jeffrey Sacks is the promotion of sustainable development, which believes in growth and development in order to raise the standard of living for citizens of the world today, through relating to the needs of environmental resources and the coming generations of the citizens of the world.

1 Introduction of title, la patre , la cutoyen to create collective belongingness 2 estate general was now elected by active citizen & renamed as national assembly 3 a tricolour flag was chosen to replace royal standard 4 new hymns were composed, oaths taken & martyne comomorated all in the name of nation Actually this question is usually asked in 3 marks but to get full marks 1 point is must to write .

Thanks yogita Ingle

Advantage of railway..
1.serve as chief mode of transport for both passengers and goods
2.it is a cheap mode of transport for bulky goods
3.forms a major employment sector giving jobs to lakhs of people
4.helps in agricultural development by connecting urban to rural areas..

Disadvantages of railways..
1.faces tough Competition with roadways as road transport can deliver goods at doorstep
2.poor maintenance causes accidents
3 incidents of robberies and loot make them unsafe for journeys
4.lack of cleanliness and hygiene on railway platforms is a major issue

Resource planning is the judicious use of resources. Resource planning becomes more important in a country like India, where resources are not distributed properly. For example; many states are rich in mineral and deficient in other resources, such as Jharkhand is rich in minerals, but there is problem of drinking water and other facilities.
Resource planning is very essential as:
(i) planning will help in reducing irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources.
(ii) proper planning for the conservation of resources will take care of the requirements of future generations.

10 CBSE board exams paper for maths

Social science example paper

Declining ground water is a major problem for us , these days. 
- Over population in some areas.
- Overwhelming Industrialization and Urbanization.
- Poor irrigation facilities, which constantly use ground water for field, resulting   in rapid decline of water levels.
- Unsustainable developmental goals.
All these are major reasons for over use of ground water.

Yes, definitely Development is [possible without over use. This is what we know as " Sustainable development" . Sustainable development uses today resources judiciously , so that the future generation too has their fair share of resources. Promoting sustainable development can to lots to preserve ground water levels.

1. An MNC owns and operates production across various countries of the world while other companies do not.

2. Foreign trade and foreign investment are essential features of an MNC while they are not n the case of othe companies.

3. MCs are usually large companies in terms of cost and production while other companies may not be such.

4. MNCs are responsible for the gllobalisation of the economy while other companies are not.

Feudal system a system of government in which land lords rule and ask money from the peasants  as taxes for their protection

Serfdom - slavery system

Manorial dues : fees which the peasants owe to their landlords 

ಲೇ ಎನ್ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಕಳ್ಸಿದ್ಯೋ ಬೇರೆಯವರು ನಿನ್ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಂಗೋ ಒಳ್ಳೆ ಅಂಕ ತಗೊತ್ತಾರೆ

Edumantra is best

11

Magnet brains and edumantra are also good

Bhai ki padhai

It's globalisation