Guilds were and are associations of artisans or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a particular town. The earliest types of guild were formed as confraternities of tradesmen. They were organised in a manner something between a professional association, trade union, a cartel, and a secret society.

yeah!! exams will be held with delay.

Yah!board exam will held

This year board exam finished ....?.Next year board exams will not be there i think ?

A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in govt.

Political party is a group of people coming together to fight elections and to hold power in government Mostly they have the same ideology

Political Party: A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. Always political parties take some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good.
There are different views on what is good for the society and people. Every political party wants to persuade people why their policies are better than other parties, and tries to win the support of people.
Three Components of a Political Party
(i) The Leaders Every political party has some prominent leaders who formulate policies and programmes of the party and choose candidates for contesting elections.
(ii) The Active Members They are involved in different committees of the party and participate directly in their activity.
(iii) The Followers They believe in the party’s ideology and support the party by casting their votes in favour of the party at the time of election.

Political party is a group of people coming together to fight elections and to hold power in government Mostly they have the same ideology

The speed in which we can drift perfect for at least 500 meters is call drift speed.(If this is about cars so thi sits right and if it is about something else forgive me).Minimium drift speed is 80kmph

•  
• There are always some free electrons inside any metal at room temperature .There will be some free electrons. these free electron inside the move randomly and collide frequently with heavier atoms and change their direction of motion at every time.When a steady electric field is applied to conductor, the electrons start moving towards the positive terminal of applied electrical potential difference but this movement of electrons doesn't happen in straightway. During travelling towards the positive potential the electrons continuously collide with the atoms  and bounced back in a random fashion. During the collision the electrons lose some of their kinetic energy and again due to the presence of electric field, they are re-accelerated towards the positive potential and regain their kinetic energy. Again, during further collision the electrons partly lose their kinetic energy in the same manner. Thus the applied electric field cannot stop the random motion of the electrons inside a conductor. Although in presence of applied electric field, the motion of the electrons is still random, but there will be over all resultant movement of electrons towards positive terminals. In other words, the applied electric field makes the electrons to drift towards positive terminal. That means the electrons get an average drift velocity.
• drift velocity is denoted by u,
• u=μ_e​E= I​/ nAQ

Disguised unemployment is a type of unemployment In which people are working less than their potential For eg ...a farm needs 3 people but 5 are working on it...those 2 people are part of disguised unemployment

Disguised unemployment is a type of unemployment In which people are working less than their potential For eg ...a farm needs 3 people but 5 are working on it...those 2 people are part of disguised unemployment

??? ???

ನನಿಗೆ ಗೊತ್ತಿಲ್ಲ ಬೇಜಾರು ಮಾಡ್ಕೋಬೇಡ,ಗೊತ್ತಾದಾಗ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಿನೇ ಮತ್ತೆ ಈ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸು????

India is a developing country.....with the increase in salary of people ..there leisuee increase Every country requires basic services like hospitals,transport etc. People go out to eat in restaurants People also require cell phone services

The importance of the Tertiary sector is rising because of the following reasons.
(i) This sector provides basic services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, municipal corporations, defence, banks, insurance etc. which are basic for the development of the country.
(i) This sector provides services such as transport, trade, storage etc. which help in the development of the agriculture or the Primary sector and the industries or the Secondary sector. 
(iii) Increasing income level has created demands for many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals. private schools etc.
(iv) Over the last decade, or so, certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential. 

India is a developing country.....with the increase in salary of people ..there leisuee increase Every country requires basic services like hospitals,transport etc. People go out to eat in restaurants People also require cell phone services etc

The value of ₹50 for a packet of biscuits (final good) already include the value of flour, sugar and other intermediate goods in it.While calculating the value of the goods produced we should only count the value of the final goods produced.

While calculating the value of the goods produced we should only count the value of the final goods produced. We should not count or add the value of the intermediate goods because the value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods which are used in making the final goods.

For example: The value of ₹50 for a packet of biscuits (final good) already include the value of flour, sugar and other intermediate goods in it.

Zaid season ( crops. Watermelon Kharif season Rabi season

Kharif crop

Rabi crops

Zaid crops

Zaid ,rabi,kharif

The primary sector is involved in natural products which we get from agriculture, fishing, dairy and forestry. When these natural products are converted to other forms of production through an industrial activity,it is known as the secondary sector. The tertiary sector provides services for the production of goods in the primary and secondary sectors. There are also certain important services such as teaching, medicine, law and information technology which may not directly help in the production of goods.The sectors (i.e primary, secondary and tertiary sectors)

The sectors (i.e primary, secondary and tertiary sectors) of economy are interdependent. The primary sector is involved in natural products which we get from agriculture, fishing, dairy and forestry. When these natural products are converted to other forms of production through an industrial activity,it is known as the secondary sector. The tertiary sector provides services for the production of goods in the primary and secondary sectors. There are also certain important services such as teaching, medicine, law and information technology which may not directly help in the production of goods.

Barter System is a system of exchange in which one commodity is exchanged for another commodity. 

Drawbacks of Barter Systems:

1. Lack of double coincidence of wants.

2. Lack of a common measure of value.

3. Indivisibility of certain goods.

4. Difficulty in making deferred payments.

5. Difficulty in storing value.

There might not be double coincidence of wants. That is what one party want to sell might be the product the other party wants.

Barter system was used in ancient times for the exchange goods. It was a system where one commodity, product or some goods was exchanged for another. For instance, if a person has 1 kg of sugar and he wants to have 1 kg of jaggery in exchange for that, he can exchange the same if there is someone who is willing to exchange jaggery for sugar. This process was called a commodity for commodity exchange. Further, it was replaced by the monetary system.

In this system goods were taken in the place of other good

Question 1.
The currency notes on behalf of the Central Government are issued by whom? (2011 D)
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India.

Question 2.
Why do banks ask for collateral while giving credit to a borrower? (2014 D, 2011 OD)
Answer:
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (land, building, vehicle, livestock, land documents, deposits with banks, etc.) which stands as a security against the money borrowed. In case the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral.

Question 3.
What do banks do with the deposits they accept from customers? (2012 D)
Answer:
Banks use a major portion of deposits to extend loans to people.

Question 4.
What comprises ‘terms of credit’? (2012 OD)
Answer:
Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement and mode of repayment together comprise terms of credit.

Question 5.
What is the main informal source of credit for rural households in India? (2013 D)
Answer:
Money lenders are the main source of informal credit for rural households.

Question 6.
Which body supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans? (2013 OD)
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India.

Question 7.
‘Modern currency is without any use of its own’; then why is it accepted as a medium of exchange? (2014 OD)
Answer:
Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange because it is certified for a particular denomination (?10, ?100, etc.) of the country by authorities set up by the Central Government. It is issued by the Reserve Bank of India and it can be used for buying any commodity which is on sale. It is authorized by the government of the country.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of ‘barter system’? (2015 D)
Answer:
Barter system refers to the system of exchange of goods and services. It is the system by which one commodity is exchanged for another without the use of money. Before money was introduced, people practised barter system.
Example: A farmer could buy a dhoti from a weaver or a pair of shoes from a cobbler in exchange of grains he produced.

Congress at Vienna was hosted by Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich in 1815. Its first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe.

Duke metternik

रेलवे:
भारतीय रेलवे देश में प्रौद्योगिकी के बढ़ते स्तर का प्रतीक है। यह अपने रोलिंग स्टॉक की सभी आवश्यकताओं का उत्पादन करता है, अर्थात् रेलवे इंजन, वैगन और कोच। रेलवे इंजन तीन प्रकार के होते हैं: स्टीम, डीजल और इलेक्ट्रिक।


स्टीम इंजन को अब डीजल और इलेक्ट्रिक इंजन से बदल दिया जाता है क्योंकि ये ईंधन-कुशल और प्रदूषण-मुक्त होते हैं। इंजन पश्चिम बंगाल में चितरंजन, उत्तर प्रदेश के वाराणसी और झारखंड के जमशेदपुर में निर्मित होते हैं। रेल और स्लीपर बार लोहे और इस्पात संयंत्रों में निर्मित होते हैं।


कोच:

कोच पेरम्बूर, बैंगलोर, कपूरथला और कोलकाता में निर्मित होते हैं, जबकि वैगन निजी क्षेत्रों और रेलवे कार्यशालाओं में उत्पादित किए जाते हैं। चेन्नई के पास पेरम्बूर में इंटीग्रल कोच फैक्ट्री ने 1955 में स्विस सहयोग से रेलवे कोचों का उत्पादन शुरू किया। अब यह लगभग सभी प्रकार के कोचों का निर्माण करता है जिनमें वातानुकूलित कोच, इलेक्ट्रिक और डीजल रेल कारें और इलेक्ट्रिकल मल्टीपल यूनिट शामिल हैं।

बैंगलोर में भारत मूवर्स में प्रति वर्ष 400 ब्रॉड गेज कोच की एक स्थापित क्षमता है। पंजाब के कपूरथला में Ail Coach Factory की स्थापना मार्च, 1988 में की गई थी। इसकी प्रतिवर्ष 1000 कोच की स्थापित क्षमता है। यह एसी 3-स्तरीय कोच भी बना रहा है।

वैगन:

विज्ञापन:

रेलवे की बढ़ती मांगों को पूरा करने के लिए वैगन विनिर्माण उद्योग पूरी तरह से तैयार है। अधिकांश वैगन निजी क्षेत्र में उत्पादित किए जाते हैं। निजी क्षेत्र में 30,625 वैगन (4 पहिया वाहनों के संदर्भ में) और तीन रेलवे कार्यशालाओं की स्थापित क्षमता वाली 13 इकाइयाँ हैं जिनकी वार्षिक क्षमता लगभग 4,000 इकाइयाँ हैं। पश्चिम बंगाल में लगभग 60 प्रतिशत वैगन का उत्पादन किया जाता है और बाकी महाराष्ट्र, यूपी, पंजाब और दिल्ली से आते हैं।

अन्य रेलवे उपकरण:

रेल और स्लीपर सलाखों का निर्माण भिलाई और जमशेदपुर में लोहे और स्टील के काम में किया जाता है और दुर्गापुर, जमशेदपुर और राउरकेला में पहियों और एक्सल का निर्माण किया जाता है। कोच और वैगन सार्वजनिक और निजी दोनों क्षेत्रों में निर्मित होते हैं।

सड़क परिवहन:
सड़क परिवहन रेलवे की तुलना में अधिक व्यापक है। वर्तमान में, ट्रक, यात्री बस, कार, मोटर साइकिल, स्कूटर, आदि जैसे मोटर वाहन बड़ी संख्या में निर्मित होते हैं। भारत तीन पहिया वाहनों का दूसरा सबसे बड़ा उत्पादक है।

विज्ञापन:

ट्रैक्टर और साइकिल भी बड़ी संख्या में निर्मित होते हैं। भारत वर्तमान में एक वर्ष में लगभग 15 मिलियन साइकिल और 3.8 मिलियन स्कूटर और मोटरसाइकिल का उत्पादन करता है। यह उद्योग दिल्ली, गुड़गांव, मुंबई, पुणे, चेन्नई, कोलकाता, लखनऊ, इंदौर, हैदराबाद, जमशेदपुर और बैंगलोर के आसपास व्यापक रूप से वितरित किया जाता है।



ऑटोमोबाइल उद्योग:
स्वतंत्रता से पहले भारत में ऑटोमोबाइल उद्योग का वास्तविक अर्थों में अस्तित्व नहीं था। आयातित भागों से केवल असेंबली का काम किया गया था। जनरल मोटर्स (इंडिया) लिमिटेड ने 1928 में मुंबई में अपने कारखाने में ट्रकों और कारों को इकट्ठा करना शुरू किया। फोर्ड मोटर कंपनी (इंडिया) लिमिटेड ने 1930 में चेन्नई और 1931 में मुंबई में कारों और ट्रकों की असेंबलिंग शुरू की।

उद्योग का वास्तविक विकास 1947 में कुर्ला (मुंबई) में प्रीमियर ऑटोमोबाइल्स लिमिटेड और 1948 में उत्तरपारा (कलकत्ता) में हिंदुस्तान मोटर्स लिमिटेड की स्थापना के साथ शुरू हुआ। भारत में ऑटोमोबाइल उद्योग ने पिछले तीन दशकों के दौरान काफी प्रगति की है। । आज, यह अर्थव्यवस्था के सबसे जीवंत क्षेत्रों में से एक है।

ऑटोमोबाइल के निर्माण के लिए कुछ विशेष मामलों को छोड़कर किसी भी इकाई को स्थापित करने के लिए अब किसी भी औद्योगिक लाइसेंस की आवश्यकता नहीं है। वर्तमान में इस क्षेत्र में स्वचालित मार्ग के तहत 100% प्रत्यक्ष विदेशी निवेश की अनुमति है।

मुंबई, चेन्नई, जमशेदपुर, जबलपुर और कलकत्ता ऑटोमोबाइल बनाने वाले प्रमुख केंद्र हैं। ये केंद्र ट्रक, बसों, यात्री कारों, तीन पहिया और दो पहिया वाहनों सहित लगभग सभी प्रकार के वाहनों का उत्पादन करते हैं।

Tata Engineering and Locomotive Co. Ltd. (TELCO) भारत में उत्पादित होने वाले ऐसे वाहनों का 70 प्रतिशत से अधिक मध्यम और भारी वाणिज्यिक वाहनों और खातों का प्रमुख उत्पादक है। चार प्लांट, प्रत्येक हैदराबाद, पीथमपुर (म.प्र।), रूपनगर (पंजाब) के पास आगजनी और गाजियाबाद जिले में सूरजपुरा। हल्के वाणिज्यिक वाहनों का निर्माण।

sugar industry is shifting from north to south due to following reasons
1. the sugar contents in the cane is high that is 10.5 % in Maharashtra other southern states.
2. climate is suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane.
3. south has better export facilities than north.
4.cooperative sugar mills are more successful in management in south India.
5. the peninsular climate helps to extend the crushing by two months in the south India than north India.

Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful as it helps in estimating the relative importance in the growth in GDP of the economy.

Yes, classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary sector is useful as it helps in estimating the relative importance in the growth in GDP of the economy. Classifying in such a way helps in calculating how much goods and services are produced and how many people work in each sector. In India tertiary is growing at a very fast speed which implies that the country is moving towards developed country. This type of classification helps in comparing the level of growth in different countries.

A act passed by British Imperial legislative council in delhi on march 18 1919 which has enormous power to put any Indians in to jail without any trial of 2 years

The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, was a legislative council act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 18 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War. It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalists to organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the Defence of India Act would enable.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919 authorised the British government to arrest and imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court. The authorities could arrest an Indian without a warrant and could conduct his trial in seclusion. Also, the Act implied severe restrictions on movements of individuals and suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus

The democracy doesn’t guarantee economic development. In most of the democracies, a small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. For example, countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top 20% people take away more than 60 % of the national income. Unfortunately, those who are at the bottom of the society have a very little share (less than 3 %) to depend upon. Even in India, the elected government looks reluctant to take necessary steps for the upliftment of the large section of poor in our society. The situation is much worse in some other countries. In Bangladesh, more than half of its population lives in poverty. People in several poor countries are now dependent on the rich countries even for food supplies.
Thus, it can be concluded that in actual life, democracies do ’ not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities

launching Movements

After the suspension of the rowlatt satyagraha,Gandhiji felt the need to lauch a more broad based movement in India. ... Gandhiji convinced other leaders in the calcutta congress session of September 1920 of the need to start the non cooperation movement in support of khilafat as well as for swaraj.

This answer in short form write

Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 because: 
According to Gandhiji , the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. So time has arrived o withdraw cooperation to the British. 
First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high prices, famines and epidemics made people's life miserable. 
Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country. 
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians angry which need to be avenged.
To restore the status of the ruler of Turkey. 
To bring Swaraj or Self Rule to India. 
Mahatma Gandhi declared that the main objectives of the non cooperation movement were : 
To cripple the British administration and make them realize that they cannot function without the actual support of the Indians. 
To avenge the wrong done by the Government in Punjab (Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) in a non violent way. 
To bring about unity among the people. To inculcate a sense of nationalism. 
To promote khadi and to attain Swaraj. 

Net Area Sown: This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once in the same year is counted only once. This represents the total area sown once and/or more than once in a particular year, i.e. the area is counted as many times as there are sowings in a year.

Net sown area is the total area sown with crops and orchards. It represents an area in which total crops are grown only once in a year.

Gross cropped area is the total area sown with crops and and orchards once or more in a year. It also include the net sown area.

Net sown area is the total area sown with crops & orchards. It represents an area in which the total number of crops are grown only once in a year.

A place where the raw materials are converted to various products.

Place where goods are produced by raw materials

I am industry making manufacturer and make the product of and making material

Secondery teriatry

An industry is a place where raw materials are converted to finished goods with higher values

i). Public Distribution System: Government in India, under its public distribution system ensures the availability of essential commodities such as wheat, rice, etc to the consumers at reasonable prices through a network of fair price shops. At present, there are about 4.61 lakh of fair price shop in the country.

ii). Administrative Price Mechanism: Administrative prices are those prices of goods and services, which are controlled by the government. Government of India has imposed price controls on a number of commodities. (Steel, automobiles). Producers of these commodities cannot charge price higher than the maximum prices fixed by the government.

iii). Monetary Policy/Measures: it is the policy of the Central Bank (RBI) to control money supply and credit in economy. This results in people’s tendency to consume less, which in turn reduces the demand for goods and thereby lower the prices.

iv). Fiscal Policy/Measures: it is the expenditure and revenue policy of the government to accomplish the desired goals. The intention of the government here is to reduce the money supply, which is kept in the hands of the people.

The iron & steel industry is the basic industry since all the other industries-heavy, medium & light, depend on it for their machinery. Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defense, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment & a variety of consumer goods. Production & consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country's development. Iron & steel industry is a heavy industry. Iron ore, coking coal & lime stone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1. Some quantities of manganese, are also required to harden the steel. In 2016 with 95.6 million tonnes of crude steel production, India ranked 3rd among the world crude steel producers. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL). Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries in India.

Agenda 21 in river de janeirio

Terraces reduce both the amount and velocity of water moving across the soil surface, which greatly reduces soil erosion. Terracing thus permits more intensive cropping than would otherwise be possible.

There are three levels of government 1 Central Government : This is a level of a government rule on allover country like we can say THE BJP IS OUR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 2 State Government: This is a level of a government rule over all its State only like we can say IN PUNJAB CONGRESS IS STATE GOVERNMENT 3 Local Government : This is a level of a government where it can rule in local only like EVERY DISTRICT HAS ITS OWN GOVERNMENT HOPE IT WILL HELPFUL FOR YOU THANKS

The different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies are: Horizontal Division of Power- It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power-sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other. Vertical Division of Power- It is a system of power sharing among governments at different levels. For example, a general government for the entire country and governments at provincial or regional levels. In India, we refer to it as the Central Government, State Governments, Municipality, Gram Panchayat etc. The Constitution lays down the powers of different levels of government. Division of Power among different Social Groups- Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially like different religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good example of this type of power sharing. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example. Such an arrangement is used to give minority communities a fair share in power, who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. Division of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups, and Movements- In contemporary democracies such a division takes the form of competition among different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups.

The action was taken by mariatial law act this this act was implemented that day A day some people are celebration Lori and some people are against a mariatial law then and that new was informed a general dyer and order to police and come and block all exit of jaliawala bag and firing the public thousand are people are death in the place was jaliawala bag

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Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose and asked for saluting the british officials.