We participate in the market both as producers and consumers.
(i) As producers of goods and services we could be working in any of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, or services.
(ii) Consumers participate in the market when they purchase goods and services that they need.
(iii) For example, moneylenders usually adopt various tricks to bind the borrower.They could make the producer sell the produce to them at a low rate in return for a timely loan. They could force small farmers to sell their land to pay
back the loan.

Conservation of resources can help to take care of our heritage. We can care for and protected for the benefit, use and enjoyment of the public today and for generations to come. Our Natural Resources should be conserved because it is the main source of our daily needs and is limited only. 

Conservation of resources is necessary because:-
1 ):-Future generations will also use them.
2):-We should conserve resources because some resources are in limited amount and exhaust after some years.

So, in order to make sure that no nobody can waste resources and we should utilise them in minimum amount.

The majority always needs to work for minority. Democracy does not believe in any kind of discrimination among citizens on grounds of caste, religion, colour, ***, race, etc. It accommodates alLsocial diversities. Democracies accommodate social diversities when it is well understood that democracy is not just the rule of the majority, and that the rule of the majority is not just the rule of a single religious or social community.

The ISI mark is a standards-compliance mark for industrial products in India since 1955. The mark certifies that a product conforms to an Indian standard (IS) developed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the national standards body of India. Vegetarian mark (green dot symbol) and the Non-vegetarian mark (brown dot symbol), either of this is mandatory for packaged food products. To distinguish between vegetarian and non-vegetarian food.

In real sense, economic growth is related to increase in per capita national output or net national product of a country that remain constant or sustained for many years. Economic growth can be achieved when the rate of increase in total output is greater than the rate of increase in population of a country. Economic development means the rate of production is greater than the rate of increase in population and the rate of growth of GDP is high enough to fulfil the basic needs of the population. Two bases of measuring development of a country are: (i) Average or per capita income.

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP.

Growth is usually calculated in real terms - i.e., inflation-adjusted terms – to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of goods produced. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure. The economic growth rates of nations are commonly compared using the ratio of the GDP to population or per-capita income.

The "rate of economic growth" refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time. This growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, which ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend.

No, It does not only depend on amount of money spent. It also depends on the capabilities of the doctors and quality of the medicines in the case of health facilities. In education, the quality of the teachers is important.

Dictatorship is defined as an autocratic or authoritarian form of government in which a government is ruled by either an individual or an authoritarian party. In dictatorship, a particular individual has great power in the government and exercises his own will while taking the decisions.
Here, masses are ignored while taking the decisions. The dictator or a few powerful individuals have all the economic, social, intellectual and moral powers to take decisions. Such regimes justify, that it is better for the power to be concentrated in few hands, so that some goals can be achieved at a quicker speed.

In July 1830 the 1st upheaval took place in France.

the bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservatism reaction after 1815 were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed constitutional monarchy with Louis phillepe as its head.

The economic hardships rise in food prices burdenof feudal dues and obligationsaon the peasants was some more reasons of the revolt.

the July Revolution spark and uprising in Brussels which lead to Belgium taking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The revolution was led by liberal nationalism belonging to the educated middle class elite among home work professor school teachers clothes and members of the commotion middle classes.

Advantages of road ways over railways are:

•  Construction cost of roads is much lower than railway lines.
• Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and undulating topography.
•  Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.
• Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances.

The rural borrowers depend on the informal sector for credit because :

(i) Absense of collateral and documentation.

(ii) Flexible loans in term of timelines, interest rates, procedural requirements etc.  

In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-class Germans. They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous German States. But the monarchy and the military got together to repress them and they gained support from the landowners of Prussia (the Junkers) too. Prussia soon became the leader of the German unification movement. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from Prussian army and Prussian bureaucracy. The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over seven years time. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

The share of manufacturing sector in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has been stagnant at 17% over the last two decades. The total contribution of industry to the GDP is 27% out of which 10% comes from mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.

The growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7% in the last decade. Since 2003, the growth rate has been 9 to 10% per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%.

The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set with the objectives of improving productivity through proper policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry.

• Almost every country in the world has social diversities in respect to caste, race, religion, language, etc. Democracy is considered to be the most suitable form of government to accommodate these diversities. It aims at giving equal rights and opportunities to all the citizens.
• Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work for minority. Democracy does not believe in any kind of discrimination among citizens on grounds of caste, religion, colour, ***, race, etc. It accommodates alLsocial diversities.

Frederic Sorrieu is trying to depict a Utopian vision where the World is characterized by the following:

• World made up of democratic and secular Republics.
• People of Europe, America, men , women of all ages and classes marching together, paying homage to the statue of liberty.
• Remains of the symbols of absolutists monarchies.
• Sorrieu grouped people into different nations, with their distinct flags and costumes.
• US and Switzerland are leading the processions.
•  A female figure holding torch of enlightenment and charter of rights of the man.
• He is trying to give a sense of belonging to the people, a shared collective identity through the symbols.

15 seats

1.The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was a rebellion by liberals and revolutionaries against the French monarchy.
2.The country had grown displeased with Charles X, who limited freedom of the press and concentrated power in the crown.
3.Within three days in July, the capital fell to the revolutionaries, who wanted to establish a republic.
4.However, the upper bourgeoisie succeeded in placing Louis-Philippe in the monarchy, and despite some reforms, the public continued to grow discontented with the monarchy.

Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by the combined power of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria. After the defeat of Napoleon, European governments wanted to follow conservatism. The conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society should be preserved. They believed in preserving the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family. But most of them also wanted to retain the modernization which Napoleon carried out in the spheres of administration. The conservatives believed that modernization would strengthen traditional institutions. It was believed that a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the monarchies of Europe.

Greece war was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries like the French Kingdom, Great Britain and Russian Empire, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. This organization carried out  Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

The main highlights were to how the nation could develop and what economic measures could help forge this nation together. The main goal of the "Treaty of Vienna", 1815 was to undo all the changes that were brought about in Europe during the reign of Napoleon wars .