Two prominent industrialists were PURSHOTTAM DAS and G.D. BIRLA..
1)The industrialists attacked the colonial control and supported the civil disobedience movement when it was first launched.
2)They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods.
3)But after the failure of Second round table conference,business groups were no longer equally enthusiastic.
4)They were worried about disruption of business.
 

The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatised.

• Foreign goods were boycotted and eliminated from the markets.
• Liquor shops were picketed and foreign cloth was burnt in large bonfires.
• The import of foreign cloth reduced to half between 1921 and 1922. The value of these goods drastically dropped from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
• In a large number of places, merchants, peasants and traders refused completely to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.

1. The decline of the Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement gave rise to the feeling of alienation among a large section of Muslims from the Congress.

2. During the mid-1920s, the very much visible associations of the Congress Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha further created feelings of suspicion and distrust among the members of both the communities.

 3. As the relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened, each community organized religious processions with militant fervour, provoking violent clashes and riots in various cities.

The Non- Cooperation Movement sought to achieve the following objectives:

(i) To attain self-government within the British Empire if possible & outside if necessary.

(ii) Remedying the 'Khilafat wrong', i.e., the British should adopt a lenient attitude towards Turkey, & restore the old status of the Sultan of Turkey.

Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru

Answer. It was presided over by Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru. The historic resolution of Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence was passed.At this session, it was decided to celebrate January 26,1930 as the first Independence Day of India.

(1) By the end of the nineteenth century, many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. (2) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. (3) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. (4) Many prominant writers wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, folklores, religion and culture, law and philosophy had flourished. (5) Swadeshi Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement, Khilafat Movement, Swaraj Movement were based on the rich past of our country.

‘Salt March’ became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because : 

(i) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. 

(ii) Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax. 

(iii) Salt was the most essential item of foods and was consumed by rich and poor alike. 

(iv) Irwin was unwilling to negotiate, so Gandhiji started Salt march with 78 volunteers. (On 6th April) he reached Dandi, violated law and made salt.                                                      This March developed the feeling of nationalism, people in different parts of the country broke the salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.

The events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement include: 

(i) Arrival of Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report. 

(ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929.

(iii) Lahore session of Congress in 1929. 

(iv) Nehru report in respect of Indian Constitution. 

(v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in antiSimon Commission agitation.                                                    Industrialists supported this movement because: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

The events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement include: 

(i) Arrival of Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report. 

(ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929.

(iii) Lahore session of Congress in 1929. 

(iv) Nehru report in respect of Indian Constitution. 

(v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in antiSimon Commission agitation.                                                    Industrialists supported this movement because: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement for the following reasons -

1. The demand for purna swaraj i.e. full independence was formalised during the Lahore Congress Session. 26 January 1930 was also declared as the Independence Day. However, such celebrations for freedom came with very little participation. Gandhiji was therefore forced to find an abstract idea of freedom in order to mobilise the masses and increase their levels of participation.

 2. The idea of Civil Disobedience was mainly focused on problems and issues that people faced in their everyday life. He therefore identified these problems alike in order to bring different classes of people and communities - the rich as well as the poor under a united campaign against the British.

3. The idea of not cooperating in the non-cooperation movement was indeed felt to be incomplete because the British, through its laws, acted as an oppressive force. For example - the laws relating to restricted forests or the salt tax etc. Gandhiji thus not only proclaimed 'non-cooperation but also violation of British laws in order to break the foundations of the British government in India.

Reasons for launching Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress:

• The British Government in India had deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It had based itself on the exploitation of masses,
• The British Government had ruined India economically, politically culturally and spiritually.
• The people of India believed it to be a crime against man and god to submit any longer to a rule that has caused irreparable harm to Indian economy and its social fabric.
• The Congress, therefore, declared the attainment of complete independence as its aim in the Congress Session held at Lahore and decided to launch Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji.
   

•   The Khilafat Movement was started to save the Ottoman Empire and it extended to India against the British power. During the 1st world war, Turkey helped Germany to war against British.The Khilafat Movement expanded to South Asia under the leadership of ali brothers.
•  The Khilafat Movement in India got the support of Mahatma Gandhim.Gandhiji advised the Muslim leaders to start non-cooperation with the British to force them to re-establish Khilafat..

The Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. At the Calcutta Session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders to start a Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat Movement.
The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924), was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman empire during the aftermath of First World War. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey.
There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure . upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey

Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in the administrative field to make the whole system more rational and effective. His civil code of 1804 was known as Napoleonic Code.

(i) First, he did away with all the privileges based on birth. Everyone became equal before the law. He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial duties.

(ii) He secured the right to property.

(iii) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen found a new-found freedom as guild restrictions were removed in towns also.

(iv) Uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, a common national currency facilitated the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the areas ruled by him:

•  He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before the law and secured the right to property.
• He simplified administrative divisions, the abolished feudal system, and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
• In towns too, guild systems were removed. 
• Transport and communication systems were improved.
• Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the newfound freedom.

 In Sri Lanka, the major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 percent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 percent).

The functions performed by the political parties are:

1. They contest elections.
2. They introduce various policies and programmes for the people.
3. They play an important role in decision-making to legislate and execute.
4. These parties, when successful in elections, form and run the government.
5. These parties, if they lose, become the opposition parties and play the role of criticizing the government.
6. The parties mould the public’s opinion on various issues. They can help them form an opinion and can also influence them to alter their opinion.
7. These parties help the citizenry to access the government’s policies and acts.

For more click on the given link:

<a href="https://mycbseguide.com/blog/political-science-political-parties-class-10-notes-social-science/" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://mycbseguide.com/blog/political-science-political-parties-class-10-notes-social-science/&ved=2ahUKEwiC57C31LPtAhUdzTgGHbzBDDcQFjAAegQIBRAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Political Science-Political Parties class 10 Notes Social ...</a>

It means a belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority, e.g., Sri Lanka opted for majoritarianism in which majority Sinhalas rule the country.

(i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary also called as Horizontal power sharing. Example – India 

(ii) Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example – India (Union Government & State Government) 

(iii) Community government – Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Example – Belgium 

(iv) Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements – Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand.

(v) In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.

The duties of the Union or Central Government include subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. This is because, a uniform policy on these matters will be maintained throughout the country. All the laws pertaining to the above duties must be given only by the Union Government.
The duties of the State Governments include subjects of the State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. All the laws pertaining to the above duties must be given only by the State Governments.
Some aspects have to be taken care of, by both, the Union Government as well as the State Governments. They are education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both governments can make laws on these subjects. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.

Collateral (Security) is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources in the following ways:

• It provides equipments which increases production that lead to the consumption of more resources. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in exploitation of resources.
• The economic development leads to the rise of the needs of people which results into more consumption of resources.
• Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies which helps to convert various materials into resources.

Workers in the unorganised sector need protection on following issues:
(i) Wages : For example, here wages are low and even not regular and there is absence of provision for overtime, paid leave, etc.
(ii) Safety : For example, workers working in mines or crackers factory always face the element of risk.
(iii) Health : For example, long working hours and unhygienic working environment affect the health of the workers adversely.

Workers in the unorganised sector need protection on following issues:
(i) Wages : For example, here wages are low and even not regular and there is absence of provision for overtime, paid leave, etc.
(ii) Safety : For example, workers working in mines or crackers factory always face the element of risk.
(iii) Health : For example, long working hours and unhygienic working environment affect the health of the workers adversely.

(i) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
(ii) The government had passed the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 under which plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea estates without permission, and in fact, they were rarely given such permission.
(iii) When the plantation workers heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of them defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed towards their homes.
(iv) The plantation workers believed that the Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

(i) Land reforms: Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari. 

(ii) Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.

(iii) Land development programmes: Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, etc., establishment of Grameen banks, Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans. 

(iv) Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme, etc. 

(v) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV. 

(vi) Government announces Minimum Support Price (MSP) and remunerative and procurement prices to check exploitation. 

(vii) The government provides HYV seeds and fertilisers.

(viii) Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers. 

(ix) Soil testing facilities, cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers.

1. Afforestation
2. Proper management of grazing to control over grazing.
3. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
4. Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
5. Control of mining activities.
6. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment.
7. Proper management of waste-lands.
8. Avoid over-irrigation, especially in dry areas.
9. Avoid over use of fertilizers and pesticides. 

1. Review national laws regarding child labour.
2. Refer to your buyers' requirements.
3. Check the age of your employees.
4. Identify hazardous work.
5. Carry out workplace risk assessment.
6. Stop hiring children below the minimum age.
7. Remove children from hazardous work.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because  

It requires preservation of stock of resources including exhaustible natural resources and environmental resources. Recent studies show that groundwater in India is exhausted because of overuse. 1/3 of the country is overusing its groundwater reserves.

The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the passage of time the generation changes and with this change society wants more and more benefits from the resources which are present in our nature. Because of the increasing needs of people of our society things are decaying day by day and excessive use is making things worse. If the speed of using resources remains same then the available resources will be exhausted soon and our coming generation will stay deprived from all kind of needs. The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the following reasons:
a) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind the future usage.
b) If resources will not be sustained then our natural resources will stagnate after some time and no any upcoming generation will be able to take the advantage of these natural resources.

(i) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation.
(ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multinational, Habsburg Empire.
(iii) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(iv) The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.
(v) Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form, and it still had many regional and local variations.

Detailed answer:

1.After the suspension of the rowlatt satyagraha,Gandhiji felt the need to lauch a more broad based movement in India.This could be done only by bringing the hindus and muslims together.
2.The first world war had ended with the deafeat of the ottoman turkey and there were were rumors that harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the ottomon emperor-the spiritual head of the islamic world(khalifa).Gandhiji preferred to take up this issue in order to include muslims in the national struggle.The khilafat committee was setup to defend khalifa's temporal powers.
3.Many muslims such as the brothers,Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started discussing with Gandhiji the possibilty of a mass action on the issue.
4.Gandhiji convinced other leaders in the calcutta congress session of September 1920 of the need to start the non cooperation movement in support of khilafat as well as for swaraj.Many within the Congress were reluctant to boycott the elections scheduled for novemeber 1920 and feared that the movement would lead to popular violence.However,a compromise was worked out and the non cooperation programme was adopted.

(i) After returning from Africa in 1915 Gandhiji launched some local satyagraha’s but he was looking for an opportunity to launch a national level movement against the Britishers.
(ii) The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhiji to support the Khilafat
(iii) It was also launched against Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(iv) Gandhiji merged the Khilafat Movement with the Non-cooperation Movement to bring the Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

(i) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure. 

(ii) It creates employment opportunities. 

(iii) It generates financial resources for development. 

(iv) It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development. 

(v) It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries. 

(vi) It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates. 

(vii)Contributes to community development, Human Development Index i.e. health and educational services. 

Key Features

1. The Constitution clearly provided a threefold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments into 3 lists namely Union, State, and concurrent list.

1. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of government. 

2. The Constitution establishes an independent judiciary headed by the Supreme Court for two purposes: one, to protect the supremacy of the Constitution by exercising the power of judicial review; and two, to settle the disputes between the Centre and the states or between the states.