Alluvial soils are by far the largest and the most important soil group of India. The widest occurrence of the alluvial soils is in the Indo-Gangetic Plain starting from Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam in the east, northern parts of Gujrat also have some covers alluvial soils.

In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government.These are called one party system. For example, China has a single party—Communist Party. One-party system is not a good option because it is not a democratic option. In the countries having one party system, the liberty of the individual is lost because people are deprived of the right of electing representatives. There is one candidate in whose favour all the citizens have to
vote. It cannot be called as elections in real sense.

Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilised only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future. ‘

It is essential to have resource planning because of the following reasons:

1. It helps to identify the various resources present in different regions of the country.
2. It helps in the conservation of various non-renewable/extinguishable resources.
3. It helps in reducing wastage of resources.
4. It helps in equal distribution of resources among the regions that have acute shortage of it.
5. It helps in keeping track of remaining resources.
6. It helps to take care of future generations.

Thus, resource planning is necessary for sustaining quality of life and global peace.

Economic growth depends on which of the following?
(a) Size of the population of the country
(b) Territory or area of the country
(c) Global scenario
(d) Co-operation among various nations

Answer
Answer: d

 Medium of exchange: The primary function of money is to act as a medium of exchange between two parties involved in a transaction. It avoids the practical problems of wastage of time and resources involved in the barter system of exchange and it improves the efficiency of the transaction. It promotes allocation efficiency in the trade and production of goods and services. In case of the barter system, the sale and purchase of goods occurs at the same time. Their sale and purchase value also remains equal at that point. A person can purchase or sell goods with cash without selling or purchasing any good at that point, after money came into existence. Thus, the act of purchase and sale has been separated. Thereby the medium of exchange facilitated sale and purchase very easily in terms of monetary value. For example, a fruit seller wants to sell his fruits to buy wheat. In the absence of money, he will have to look for some person who wants to sell wheat and buy fruits. This is not always easy and possible. However, with money as a medium of exchange, the fruit seller has to just find a buyer for his fruits. When fruits are exchanged for money, he can purchase wheat from the market.

Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers in the following ways:

(i) Globalisation has led to employment generation, as a result, beneficial to the consumers. 

(ii) Globalisation has also given rise to intense competition due to opening up of markets to foreign companies. As a result, this has led to the increase in product quality and decrease in the prices of the products. 

(iii) The consumers have benefited from the arrival of MNCs as they have now larger choice in the goods that are available to them in the market.

G.D.P. is the sum of the money value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year within domestic territory of a country. 

Only final goods and services are counted in G.D.P. because: 

(i) The value of final goods already includes the value of all intermediate goods. 

(ii) To count the value of the flour and wheat separately is therefore not correct because then we would be counting the value of the same things a number of times.

Sector defines a large segment of the economy in which businesses share the same or a related product or service.

1. When we produce a good by extraction and collection of natural resources, it is known as the primary sector. Eg: Farming, forestry, hunting, fishing and mining.
2. The secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing. It is the next step after primary. Some manufacturing processes are required here. It is also called the industrial sector. For example, using cotton fibre from the plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth. Using sugarcane as raw material, we make sugar or gur.
3. Tertiary sector includes activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process. It is also called the service sector. Example: Teachers, doctors, washermen, barbers, cobblers, lawyers, call centres, software companies, etc.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan is the person who led Civil Disobedience Movement in North-West frontier province. He was the most loyal follower of Gandhi and was called Frontier Gandhi. He began a satyagraha at Peshawar on 23 April 1930.

The expected outcomes of democracy are as follows: 

(i) A government that is chosen and accountable to the people is called democratic government. 

(ii) A government that is responsive to the needs of the people. 

(iii) Economic growth and development reducing all forms of inequality and end of poverty. 

(iv) Accommodating all social diversities. 

(v) Ensuring the dignity and freedom of the individuals.

Federalism is needed to provide consistency between all the states and provinces of a country. If you have inconsistent rules across a nation, you will have many situations where different people act in an identical manner, but act illegally in one state, and legally in the next. 

Businesses and foreign visitors want consistency in rules. They want to know what they have to comply with everywhere in a country. Differing state rules will discourage foreign investment and slow down an economy. 

In the U.S., rules are much more consistent between states. Businesses know basically what to comply with across the country, and therefore, investment is consistent across the country.

Election Commission of India allots symbol to political parties

As per latest publication from Election Commission of India, the total number of parties registered was 2598, with 8 national parties, 52 state parties and 2538 unrecognised parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC.

What was the Rowlatt Act? (2011 OD)
Answer:
Rowlatt Act gave the government enormous powers to suppress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. In other words, the Act proposed no appeal, no vakil and no daleel.

Question 2.
Why was the Rowlatt Act imposed? (2011 D)
Answer:
The imposing of the Rowlatt Act authorized the government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law.

Question 3.
In which session of the Indian National Congress was the demand for ‘Puma Swaraj’ formalized? (2012 D)
Answer:
Lahore Session, December 1929.

Question 4.
Who composed ‘Vande Mataram’? (2012 D)
Answer:
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Question 5.
Who created the first image of Bharat Mata? (2012 D)
Answer:
Abanindranath Tagore

Question 6.
Why was the Khilafat movement started? (2012 OD)
Answer:
Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.

Question 7.
What combination of colours was there in the ‘Swaraj flag’ designed by Gandhiji in 1921? (2012 OD)
Answer:
Red, Green and White.

Question 8.
What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement? (2013 OD)
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement as the movement had turned violent in many places. The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 turned into a violent dash and 22 policemen were killed. Gandhiji felt satyagrahis were not ready for mass struggles.

Question 9.
Which Act did not permit plantation workers to leave the tea garden without permission?
Answer:
Inland Emigration Act of 1859.

Question 10.
Name two main ‘Satyagraha’ movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917. (2013 D)
Answer:

1. Indigo Planters Movement in Champaran, Bihar in 1916.
2. Peasants Satyagraha Movement was organized in Kheda district in Gujarat in 1917 to support peasants in the demand for relaxation of revenue collection.

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THERE are certain goals which are same and common for all. These are common developmental goals that people have not only about better income but also about other important things in life. More income or more material goods do not always provide us good quality of life. There are other aspect such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working condition, pollution free atmosphere, job security and good social life which are very important for a good quality of life. Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for example - the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but means a lot to us.

It led to the German unification.

The middle class Germans tried to unite the German confederation into nation state governed by an elected parliament. It was carried with help of prussian army and the Junkers of prussia.Prussain army led by Otto von bismarck had 3 wars in seven years. it managed to attempt a victory over austria, france and poland. soon after germany was unified and prussian king Kasier William 1 was adjugded the king of germany.

The democratic system in Belgium is an ideal example of power sharing.It had accommodated the interests of its two main ethnic groups, that is, the Dutch and the French.The two groups have equal share in the working of government. To maintain political stability and unity, equal representation had to be provided to the two social groups. Both French and Dutch speaking ministers are in the central government. Many powers of the central government has also been distributed among the state governments of both French and Dutch speaking regions. Apart from this, a community government also exists which is elected by people belonging to one language community.Such an arrangement has prevented civil strife.But Sri Lankan democracy has followed majoritarian policies which gave preferences to the interests of the majority Sinhala community neglecting the Tamil minority.The interests of the Tamils were undermined which in the long run gave rise to civil war and political instability.

two sharp contrasts between Belgium and Sri Lanka are
1)Sri Lankan government supported majority of sinhalese people and they made laws and job opportunities supporting Sri Lankan people they made tamils who were in less population feel inferior.
1)but Belgium government changed their constitution so many times and they gave equal representation to Dutch and French people.
2)tamils were protesting against Sri Lanka people and they liberated there party to fight with them which is LTTE and Sri Lanka government suppressed them and this led to serious war between both parties and tamils were killed and thrown out. this created heavy economic loss to Sri Lanka and their government took so much time to fill that damage
2) but in Belgium there was no chance for anything like this because their government took very careful steps that no one should feel inferior and all were equal central and state government representatives . everything was peaceful in Belgium.

Some reforms to strengthen parties are:

• A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
• It should be mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about 1/3rd to the women candidates.
• There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to support the election expenses.

Open unemployment is the situation when a person is willing to work, is educated but is unable to get a job and work. This kind of unemployment is clearly visible in the society. We come across many educated people who express their views saying that am graduated from such a reputed college but am still in search of a job. This kind of unemployment has different criteria in rural and urban areas. Open unemployment behaves differently in cities as well as in small towns and cities.

Gandhiji played a leading role in the Indian National Movement between 1916 to 1948. Because of his contribution during this period is known as Gandhian era. (1) He successfully involved the masses in the Satyagraha Movements at Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad. (2) He organized important nationwide mass movements like Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience and later Quit India Movement. (3) He took the causes of depressed classes and called them Harijans. He signed the Poona Pact with Dr. Ambedkar and protested the division of Hindus on caste lines. (4) Gandhiji fought the mighty British with the unique method of Satyagraha based on truth and non-violence. (5) His method included boycott of all British Institutions (legislative councils, law courts, schools, colleges, etc.) picketing the shops selling foreign goods, renunciation of foreign titles awarded by the British, non-payment of tax, etc.

(i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.

(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished.
(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised.
(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians.
(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

(i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism.
(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.

(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished.
(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised.
(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.
(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians.
(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

1-By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation Indian history had to be thought about differently.

2-The British saw Indians as backward and primitive,and incapable of governing themselves.

3-In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India's great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.

4-This glorious time in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonized.

5-These nationalist histories urged the leaders to take pride in India's great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule.

1) Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.
(2) There were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.
(3) On the first place ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.
(4) The famous image of Bharat Mata came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
(5) Folk traditions too inculcate nation’s identity and restore a sense of pride.
(6) Tricolour Flag as icon and symbol unified people and inspired a feeling of nationalism among masses.

(i) Nationalism spread when people began to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together.

 (ii) There were variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people’s imagination.

 (iii) Allegory of Indian nation—Bharat Mata, helped create an image with which people can identify with the nation.

 (iv) Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

(v) It was essential to preserve folk traditions, folk tales in order to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s part.

 (vi) National flag designed by Gandhiji as Swaraj flag, represented the Gandhian ideal of self help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance. 

(vii) Reinterpretation of past also developed the interest of people in nationalist histories.

2. 

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922 because of the following reasons :

• In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and clashed with the police resulting in the deaths of several policemen.
• Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and satyagrahis needed proper training before they were ready for a mass struggle.

Various social groups which joined the movement were

(i) Middle class people in the towns

(ii) Plantation workers

(iii) Peasants in rural areas

(iv) Tribal people

(v) Business class people

Middle Class People in the Towns

In towns, middle class people who consisted of students, teachers and lawyers responded to the clarion call of non-cooperation and boycott. They saw the movement as a passport to freedom from the foreign yoke.

Peasants and Tribals

In various places peasants and tribal also participated in the movement. The movement was launched against the talukdars and landlords. For them Swaraj meant they would not be required to pay land dues i.e., land revenue, and the land they were cultivating would be distributed among them.

Plantation Workers

They participated in the movement with the hope that they would be free to move out of the confined space in which they had been enclosed. They hoped that Gandhi Raj had come and they would get land when they went back home.

1. 

The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, teachers and headmasters, students, peasants, tribals and workers.

• Peasants, tribals and workers joined the movement with hopes of self-emancipation. Peasants hoped that they would be saved from the oppressive landlords, high taxes taken by the colonial government.
• Plantation workers, on the other hand, desired freedom to move about and get land in their own villages.
• The middle class joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.

Reactions of People : In large scale, people participated in Civil Disobedience Movement with great zeal. They participated in protest march and manufactured salt.

• As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed.
• Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.
• Village officials resigned.
• In many places, forest people violated forest laws, going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

Reaction of Colonial Government :

• The Colonial Government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930.
• Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested.
• A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression.
• Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked. Women and children were beaten.
• About 1,00,000 people were arrested.

The word “Swadeshi” is a Sanskrit word. The literal meaning of the word Swadeshi is : of one’s own country.

Swadeshi movement a part of the Indian Independence movement was a successful strategy to remove the British Empire from power and improve economic condition in India through following principles of Swadeshi or Self-Sufficiency. Strategies of the Swadeshi movement involved boycotting British products and the revival of domestic made products and production technique.
A boycott is a form of consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying or dealing with a person, organisation or country as an expression of protest usually for political reason. During the National Movement it began with the Surrender of titles that the government has awarded and a boycott of civil services, army, police, court and Legislative Council, schools and foreign goods.

The main features of 'Boycott Movement' and 'Swadeshi Movement' are as follows:

1. To non-cooperate with the British government and make it collapse.

2. To boycot or cut out buying Brirish goods made in our country.

3. To create India's own goods and buying those only. eg. khadi.(swadeshi goods)

4. To protest the ruling British government and shouting slogans such as 'swatantra Bharat' etc