pt, patient, a medical abbreviation. Physical therapy/Physiotherapy or Physical therapist/Physiotherapist.

(a) From the late 18 th century, the demand for foodgrains
increased in Britain due to population growth. As urban areas expanded due to industrialisation, the demand for agricultural products went up, pushing up foodgrain prices.
Under pressure from landed groups, the government also restricted the import of corn. The laws allowing the government to restrict the import of corn were commonly known as the Corn Laws.
(b) The Corn Laws were abolished because industrialists and urban dwellers were unhappy with high food prices. As a result, they forced the British Government to abolish the Corn Laws.
© The abolishing of Com Laws brought following results
(i) After the Corn Laws were abolished, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.
(ii) British agriculture was unstable to compete with imports.
(iii) Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of ’ work. They migrated to the cities or other countries in search of work.
(iv) As the food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.
From the mid-19th century faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes and therefore, more food imports.

The word democracy came from latin. This is composed of two word ; Demos means people and cratia means government. Democracy is a form of government in the rulers are elected by the people. According to Abraham Lincoln , Democracy is of people, for the people, by the people.

Kya pata

Democracy is of the people,for the people, by the people

Both same as well .In monarchy the power full peoples hold government and in dictatorship there is a family hold govt. In this generation by generation hold the power. In both of them there no freedom to speech and etc......

Communism Socialism Key Elements Centralized government, planned economy, dictatorship of the "proletariat", common ownership of the tools of production, no private property. equality between genders and all people, international focus. Usually anti-democratic with a 1-party system. Calculation in kind, Collective ownership, Cooperative common ownership, Economic democracy Economic planning, Equal opportunity, Free association, Industrial democracy, Input–output model, Internationalism, Labour voucher, Material balancing. Political System A communist society is stateless, classless and governed directly by the people. This, however, has never been achieved. In practice, they have been totalitarian in nature, with a central party governing society. Can coexist with different political systems. Most socialists advocate participatory democracy, some (Social Democrats) advocate parliamentary democracy, and Marxist-Leninists advocate "Democratic centralism." Ideas All people are the same and therefore classes make no sense. The government should own all means of production and land and also everything else. People should work for the government and the collective output should be redistributed equally. All individuals should have access to basic articles of consumption and public goods to allow for self-actualization. Large-scale industries are collective efforts and thus the returns from these industries must benefit society as a whole. Social Structure All class distinctions are eliminated. A society in which everyone is both the owners of the means of production and their own employees. Class distinctions are diminished. Status derived more from political distinctions than class distinctions. Some mobility. Key Proponents Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Peter Kropotkin, Rosa Luxemburg, Vladimir Lenin, Emma Goldman, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Ho Chi Minh, Mao Zedong, Josip Broz Tito, Enver Hoxha, Che Guevara, Fidel Castro. Charles Hall, François-Noël Babeuf, Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Louis Auguste Blanqui, William Thompson, Thomas Hodgskin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc, Moses Hess, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Mikhail Bukinin. Religion Abolished - all religious and metaphysics is rejected. Engels and Lenin agreed that religion was a drug or “spiritual booze” and must be combated. To them, atheism put into practice meant a “forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Freedom of religion, but usually promotes secularism. Philosophy From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Free-access to the articles of consumption is made possible by advances in technology that allow for super-abundance. From each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution. Emphasis on profit being distributed among the society or workforce to complement individual wages/salaries. Economic Coordination Economic planning coordinates all decisions regarding investment, production and resource allocation. Planning is done in terms of physical units instead of money. Planned-socialism relies principally on planning to determine investment and production decisions. Planning may be centralized or decentralized. Market-socialism relies on markets for allocating capital to different socially-owned enterprises. Private Property Abolished. The concept of property is negated and replaced with the concept of commons and ownership with "usership". Two kinds of property: Personal property, such as houses, clothing, etc. owned by the individual. Public property includes factories, and means of production owned by the State but with worker control. Discrimination In theory, all members of the state are considered equal to one another. The people are considered equal; laws are made when necessary to protect people from discrimination. Immigration is often tightly controlled. Ownership Structure The means of production are commonly-owned, meaning no entity or individual owns productive property. Importance is ascribed to "usership" over "ownership". The means of production are socially-owned with the surplus value produced accruing to either all of society (in Public-ownership models) or to all the employee-members of the enterprise (in Cooperative-ownership models). Economic System The means of production are held in common, negating the concept of ownership in capital goods. Production is organized to provide for human needs directly without any use for money. Communism is predicated upon a condition of material abundance. The means of production are owned by public enterprises or cooperatives, and individuals are compensated based on the principle of individual contribution. Production may variously be coordinated through either economic planning or markets. Free Choice Either the collective "vote" or the state's rulers make economic and political decisions for everyone else. In practice, rallies, force, propaganda etc. are used by the rulers to control the populace. Religion, jobs, & marriage are up to the individual. Compulsory education. Free, equal access to healthcare & education provided through a socialized system funded by taxation. Production decisions driven more by State decision than consumer demand. Political Movements Marxist Communism, Leninism and Marxism–Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, Maoism, Dengism, Prachanda Path, Hoxhaism, Titoism, Eurocommunism, Luxemburgism, Council communism, Left-Communism. Democratic socialism, communism, libertarian socialism, social anarchism, and syndicalism. Definition International theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, with actual ownership ascribed to the community or state. Rejection of free markets and extreme distrust of Capitalism in any form. A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of most property in common, with actual ownership ascribed to the workers. Way of Change Government in a Communist-state is the agent of change rather than any market or desire on the part of consumers. Change by government can be swift or slow, depending on change in ideology or even whim. Workers in a socialist state are the nominal agent of change rather than any market or desire on the part of consumers. Change by the State on behalf of workers can be swift or slow, depending on change in ideology or even whim. Modern Examples Recent far-left dictatorships include the USSR (1922-1991) and its sphere throughout eastern Europe. Only five nations presently have Communist governments: China, North Korea, Cuba, Laos and Russia. Modern examples of socialist countries include China, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam. Countries like India, Portugal, North Korea and Sri Lanka also refer to themselves as socialist in their constitution. Variations Left Anarchism, Council Communism, European Communism, Juche Communism, Marxism, National Communism, Pre-Marxist Communism, Primitive Communism, Religious Communism, International Communism. Market socialism, communism, state socialism, social anarchism. Examples Ideally, there is no leader; the people govern directly. This has never been actually practiced, and has just used a one-party system. Examples 0f Communist states are the erstwhile Soviet Union, Cuba and North Korea. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): although the actual categorization of the USSR's economic system is in dispute, it is often considered to be a form of centrally-planned socialism. Means of control Theoretically there is no state control. Usage of a government. Earliest Remnants Theorized by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the mid-19th century as an alternative to capitalism and feudalism, communism was not tried out until after the revolution in Russia in the early 1910s. In 1516, Thomas More write in "Utopia" about a society based around common ownership of property. In 1776, Adam Smith advocated the labor theory of value, ignoring the previous Cantillonian view that prices are derived from supply and demand. History Major Communist parties include the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1912-91), the Communist Party of China (1921-ON), the Workers' Party of Korea (1949-ON), and the Communist Party of Cuba (1965-ON). Historic socialist examples include the Paris Commune, the Strandha Commune, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria; none continue to have Communist governments. View of war Communists believe that war is good for the economy by spurring production, but should be avoided. Opinions range from prowar (Charles Edward Russell, Allan L. Benson) to antiwar (Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas). Socialists tend to agree with Keynesians that war is good for the economy by spurring production. View of the world Communism is an international movement; Communists in one country see themselves in solidarity with Communists in other countries. Communists distrust Nationalistic nations and leaders. Communists strongly distrust "big business." Socialism is a movement of both the worker and middle-class, all for a common democratic goal. Literature The Communist Manifesto, “Das Kapital”, The State and Revolution, The Jungle, Reform or Revolution, Capital (Vol I: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production), Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, the Grapes of Wrath. The Communist Manifesto, “Das Kapital”, The State and Revolution, The Jungle, Reform or Revolution, Capital (Vol I: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production), Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, the Grapes of Wrath. Disadvantages Historically, communism has always fallen into single part control over society. This can be due to its basic structure of consolidating all the power and resources, but then they are never relinquished to the people. Socialism has hardly ever been successfully demonstrated, and never on a large scale. Human nature tends away from egalitarian sharing and toward private ownership. This foible will never change

Nationalism is the pride one has for their country, values, culture, customs, traditions etc. They love what they are born as and take every opportunity to show their pride with happiness.

Examples may include:

1. Mauri people of New Zealand performing the Haka with pride and teaching visitors about Maori culture of their country.
2. Indians explaining the Ganga Aarti (prayer near Ganges river in India for everyone’s well being) as a tradition with pride and welcoming visitors to do the same, in Varanasi.
3. Ukrainians performing the Gopak dance for an international audience. etc.

Imperialism is when you take that pride and force it down onto others.

For example:

1. Britain colonising Asian and African countries
2. Arab invaders invading and forceful conversion of the ancient Pharaonic Egypt, ancient Persia etc and then by extension, parts of India
3. Belgium’s conquest of Congo
4. France’s 19 subjects in Africa
5. Spain and Portugal’s brutal annihilation of Latin American cultures.
6. Imperial Japan’s capture of China, South Korea and Pacific territories.

Credit is an agreement in which lender supplies good and service to borrower with the hope of feature payment

That is in another word called loan.

Credit is an agreement which is created when a person gives money and goods to a needy person with the promise to repay with some intrest rate.

Britain had a trade surplus with India. Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficit with other countries that are with the countries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to by helping Britain balance its deficits, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth-century world economy. Britain's trade surplus in India also helped to pay the so-called 'home charges' that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India's external debt and pensions of British officials in India.

Instead Napoleon had brought administrative reforms, he had destroyed democracy. This is because:- 1) Political rights did not go hand in hand with liberty. 2). Forced conscription , increased taxation and censorship was required to conquered whole Europe. 3). There was slavery system reintroduced. 4). Women were not given political rights.

Jacobin club was revolutionary club set up by Macmillan Robes pierre. He was a liberal revolutionary who ruled in France during 1793- 1793. This rule is also called reign of terror.

1831 - An armed rebellion took place against Russian rule 1832-Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation 1833-The founding of Young Europe in Berne 1834A - Customs Union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia 1845- Weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors

Simon Commission : 

(i) The new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon. 

(ii) It was set up in response to the nationalist movement. 

(iii) The commission was to look in to the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. 

(iv) The problem was that the commission didn‘t have a single Indian member. 

(v) When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. 

(vi) All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

1. rapid transformation of market condition depends heavily on development of transport which in the recent years have expanded locally and internationally.
2. improvement of science and technology land, water are air transport has grown manifold in the recent years. exchange of good and service between countries id called international trade
3. advancement of international trade is considered as indicator of economics growth of the country. export and import are the components of trade.

but who won? they r saying it is a tie

Good performance by BJP

The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:

•  Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
•  Socially, they wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birthrights. Serfdom and bonded labor had to be abolished.
•  Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.

The First World War created a new economic and political situation. • It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes • customs duties were raised and income tax introduced. • Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardship for the common people. • Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. • Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. • This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. • According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic. • People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.

The First World War created a new economic and political situation.
• It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes
• customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.
• Through the war years prices increased - doubling between 1913 and 1918 - leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
• Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
• Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.
• This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic.
• According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.
• People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen.

• Resentment at the British after the war: Indians thought that in return for the extensive support of manpower and resources they had provided to Britain during the First World War, they would be rewarded by autonomy at the end of the war. But the Government of India Act 1919 was dissatisfactory. In addition, the British also passed repressive acts like the Rowlatt Act which further angered many Indians who felt betrayed by the rulers despite their wartime support.
• Home Rule Movement: The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation movement. The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the Muslim League and the Congress Party. The return of the extremists gave the INC a militant character.
• Economic hardships due to World War I: India’s participation in the war caused a lot of economic hardships to the people. Prices of goods began to soar which affected the common man. Peasants also suffered because the prices of agricultural products did not increase. All this led to resentment against the government.
• The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the Indian leaders and the people. Their faith in the British system of justice was broken and the whole country rallied behind its leaders who were pitching for a more aggressive and firm stance against the government.
• The Khilafat Movement: During the First World War, Turkey, which was one of the Central Powers, had fought against the British. After Turkey’s defeat, the Ottoman caliphate was proposed to be dissolved. Muslims regarded Sultan of Turkey as their Caliph (religious head of the Muslims). The Khilafat movement was launched under the leadership of  Ali Brothers (Maulana Mohammed Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, and Hasrat Mohani. It got the support from Mahatma Gandhi to persuade the British government not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

14 lesson improve your learning answers

SELF Help Group are small groups of 15-20 members of rural people in particular women belonging to one neighbouhood who meet and saves regularly. The members of the group can take small loan to meet their needs on low interest rate.
Functioning:

• Most of the decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members.
• The group decides as regards the loans to be granted- the purpose, amount, interest to be
  charged, repayment schedule etc.
• Group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
• Any case of non-repayment of loan, by any one member is followed up seriously by other members in the group.
• The SHG help borrowers overcome the problem of collateral.
• They provide timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.
• The group provrdes a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

<section> <nav> </nav> </section>

Self help group. Its objective is to form a group of people and save some money and lend its member at times of need

Hello

The idea of nationalism spread across other Europeans countries. Nationalism came to be seen in a liberal light. Meaning, the middle class came to hate the aristocracy and absolute monarchies and wanted a popularly elected government in power.

In the economic sphere, they wanted a free market with no government interference with heavy customs duties. Earlier, there was a scattered group of states but now, they popularly wanted a common economic zone.

Return to Conservative Nationalism

After the death of Napoleon, nationalism came to be attached to more conservative ideas. The rulers of nations like Russia, Belgium, Austria and France used modernisation to return to conservative rule. Highly strict laws, a strong army and bureaucracy, etc. would now set up authoritarian regimes.

Unification by Revolutionaries

As a reaction to the autocratic conservatives, there grew a huge force of revolutionaries who still lived with the spirit of liberalism. They created underground societies and clubs and wanted a revolution to unite provinces into democratic nation states. This, along with romanticism and economic hardship created the perfect background for the unification of states and Germany, Italy, Greece and several other European ultimately became nation-states.

Imperialism and Nationalism

After the rise of nationalism culminated into the making of nation-states, these countries competing with one another even more and led to the rise of imperialism. Hence, this was a dangerous occurrence as it led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914.

Ratha Yatra also referred to as Ratha Jatra or Chariot festival, is any public procession in a chariot. ... Notable ratha jatras in India include the Ratha jatra of Puri, the Dhamrai Ratha yatra and the Ratha yatra of Mahesh.The legend begins in different ways. One speaks of an arrogant Indrayumna, King of Puri in the east, who tried to steal the Hindu god Krishna's heart. It had been immersed in the legendary Dwarka sea after his cremation and had reappeared to the tribes people of the place as an idol.

The history of Puri is on the same lines as that of the Jagannatha Temple, which was invaded 18 times during its history to plunder the treasures of the temple, rather than for religious reasons. The first invasion occurred in the 8th century AD by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III (798–814 AD), and the last took place in 1881 AD by the monotheistic followers of Alekh (Mahima Dharma) who did not recognise the worship of Jagannatha.  From 1205 AD onward   there were many invasions of the city and its temple by Muslims of Afghan and Moghul descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners. In most of these invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted.  The table lists all the 18 invasions along with the status of the three images of the temple, the triad of Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra following each invasion

1. The government decided to remove the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment around 1991 as it was realized that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe.

2. The removal of barriers meant that goods could be imported as well as exported easily and also foreign companies could set up their factories and offices in India. In addition, the government imposed much fewer restrictions of business activity within India who was allowed to take decisions freely.

3. It was also felt that competition would improve the performance of the producers within India as they would have to improve their quality of service in comparison to the foreign competition.

 WTO stands for World Trade Organisation. The major of the aim of WTO is that all barriers to foreign trade and investment should be removed as they are harmful to the growth of a country's economy in the long run. The practice of trading should be free between countries and that all the countries in the world should liberalize their policies. Shortcomings of the WTO

1. Although the WTO is to allow a free trade for all, in practice, it has been observed that the developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers and manipulated the situation

2. It has also been observed that the WTO rules, formulated in an exploitative manner, have forced the developing nations to remove trade barriers and initiate policies of liberalization.

Foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries by the following ways – 

(i) Foreign trade increases competition among companies in terms of quantity, quality and price.

(ii) Foreign trade enables people to sell their produce in international market rather than only in domestic market. For example, Chinese toys in India and Indian readymade garments in other countries have resulted in connecting the markets. 

(iii) Foreign trade transport of one nation’s goods to other country facilitates the exchange of tradition and culture such as garments like saris, kurta, ghaghra, etc., sold by Indian traders and jeans jerseys jackets sold by international traders to India. 

(iv) The Indian producers can sell their produce not only in domestic markets but also compete in markets located in other countries of the world. 

(v) Foreign trade increases the exchange of foreign currency.

Non renewable resources

Non-Renewable Resources occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources

(i) Imagine a government that may take decisions very fast. But it may take decisions that are not accepted by the people and may, therefore, face problems.
(ii) In contrast, the democratic government will take more time to follow procedure before arriving at a decision.
(iii) However, because it has followed procedure, its decisions may be more acceptable to the people and more effective. So, the cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it.

1. Barter system is a system where goods were exchanged for goods in the olden days. Various commodities used as money is known as commodity money. It is the most primitive form of money. However, certain problems such as improper standardisation, indivisibility, storage difficulty etc. made this form of money an unsuitable medium of exchange.
2. Mono-metalism and bi-metalism, i.e. valuable metals such as gold and silver, were used as a medium of exchange. As society progressed, different sections of people agreed to consider some precious metals as a common medium of exchange. The gold coin was introduced in India by King Kanishka of the Kushan Dynasty during the first century AD.
3. The paper currency system is a system where coins and currency notes are used as a medium of exchange. Due to the expansion of trade and commerce and an increased demand for money as a common medium of exchange, metallic money was replaced by paper money. The Central Bank of a country assumes supreme authority in issuing paper money of definite denominations and values. A medium of exchange which is generally acceptable and enforced by law is called fiat money. For example, rupee notes and coins are legal tender.
4. At the final stage of evolution of money, demand deposits with commercial banks are considered bank money. Demand deposits are current account deposits with banks or other financial institutions which are payable on demand by cheques. Thus, cheques drawn on the demand deposits of commercial banks can be used as a medium of exchange.

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ‘French Revolution’ in 1789.” Examine the statement

(i) Self Help Groups pool their savings.

(ii) A typical SHG has 15-20 members, usually belonging to one neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly.

(iii) Saving per member varies from Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 or more, depending on the ability of the people to save.

(iv) Members can take small loans from the group itself to meet their needs.

(v) The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than what the moneylender charges.

(vi) After a year or two, if the group is regular in savings, it becomes eligible for availing loan

1.SHG's is a group which have members of the same village. 2.These help them( the villagers) to save their money and provide loan to the members when they need at a reasonable rate. 3.These main feature of SHGs is that through this it had made village woman - self reliant by providing them loan for buying sweing machines , for marriage of their daughters , home appliances, etc

Answer

Gandhi ji withdrawn the non cooperation movement because First- the incident of chauri chaura in Gorakhpur,1922 because they attacked in police station. Second reason is that Gandhi ji felt that the movement was turning violent.

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in February 1922 because of the following reasons :

• In 1922, at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful mob turned violent and clashed with the police resulting in the deaths of several policemen.
• Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent and satyagrahis needed proper training before they were ready for a mass struggle.

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the non Cooperation movement because of the following three reason-:1) The non cooperation movement to violent in many places.2) To train the Satyagrahis for mass struggle. 3) Some of the congress leader were not willing to continue the non cooperation movement because they were by the mass struggle and they wanted to participate in the election council and they wanted to criticise the British by the council.

A few examples of public sector activities are provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.