When the parties does not get majority in the parliament then they combine to form an alliance. This is known as coalition government.

A coalition government is a form of government. When the parties couldn't get majority to form a government then two or more parties get combined and form a coalition government

A coalition government is one which is formed by the coming together of at least two political parties. Usually, it is the partners in an electoral coalition that form a political alliance and adopt a common political programme.

The basic idea behind the SHG’s for the poor is to provide credit facilities at a cheaper rate and also without much documentation process.
An SHG has 15-20 members, usually from the neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly in the range of Rs 25 to Rs 100 or more. The amount which is collected by an SHG is utlised  to give loan to a member of the group. Now the group decides as regards the loans to begranted, the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, and its repayment schedule.

In the painting of fedric sorrieu it show the Democratic nation and fraternity

 

In 1848, Fedric Sorrieu painted an utopian image(A situation known to be true is actually is not) picture which described that the United States and the European countries are no more in absolutist rule. They are marching in a long chain where the US and France is leading the other countries like Germany, Switzerland etc.. They are passing by the Statue Of Liberty which holds the charter or the rights of men in one hand and the torch of enlightenment in the other. There were the shattered pieces of  absolutist institutions which glorified that the monarchy has come to the end and the people are living without any sorrow after that. At last, Christ, Angels and Saints are watching them from heaven. This was the utopian image which he created in thought that one day this will definitely happen.

S. No.Nature of workNature of ActivitySector1Bank ClerkTertiaryOrganized2Freelance CartoonistTertiaryUnorganized3Construction WorkerSecondaryUnorganized4Doctor in AIIMSTertiaryOrganized5DTC Bus DriverTertiaryOrganized6FarmerPrimaryUnorganized7Guest House ReceptionistTertiaryUnorganized8Mine WorkerPrimaryUnorganized9Own Tailoring ShopTertiaryUnorganized10Public Sector Factory SupervisorSecondaryOrganize

The book of Ram Mohan Roy is Tufat-ul-Muwahhidin whivh was printed in 1815

The book of Raja Ram Mohan Roy is Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin printed in 1815 and published on 1942

Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin” or “A Gift to Monotheism”

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was one of the prominent cultural reformers of India during the British period. He was also known as the founder of the Indian Renaissance.

Apart from assuring the far-reaching cultural transformation in the community, Raja Ram Mohan Roy was also a notable professor who had volubility in several languages. He had composed his first book in the Persian language with the name of Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin which was printed in 1815.

The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber meaning free. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. Since the French Revolution,liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the
inviolability of private property.

 Following were the impact of French revolution on everyday life :

a) Declaration of rights of man and citizens brought in freedom of speech, expression and liberty.

b) Censorship was abolished. Newspaper and other writing materials flooded the market.

c) Every social and political matter was discussed in the society.

d) Plays, songs and festive processions were attracting large number of people now.

e) People were identifying with idea of liberty, equality and fraternity.

Advantages of MNCs- developing countries

• The industries of developed country get latest technology from foreign countries through MNC's.
•  The investment level, employment level, and income level of the developing country increases due to the operation of MNC's.
•  They can reduce imports and increase exports due to goods produced by MNC's- balance of payment.
•  Greater availability of products for local consumers
•  MNC's break protectionalism, curb local monopolies, create competition among domestic companies- enhance their competitiveness.

Advantages of MNCs- developed countries

•  MNC's create opportunities for marketing the products produced in the developed country throughout the world.
•  They create employment opportunities to the people both at home and abroad.
•  It gives a boost to the industrial activities of developed country.
•  MNC's help to maintain favourable balance of payment in the long run.
• They can also get the benefit of foreign culture brought by MNC's.
• They get benefit from several research and development activities.

Disadvantages of MNCs

• Foreign investors created regional disparities
• Slow down in the employment in home countries
• Destroy competition and acquire monopoly
• Indians spend their money on a variety of global brand sin market
• Qualified persons are posted abroad in their foreign subsidiaries
•  Large sum of foreign exchange flows out of the country
•  Trade restrictions imposed at the government level
•  Limited quantities (quotas) of imports
•  Effective management of a globally dispersed organisation

The following efforts have been made to reform political parties in India
(i) The Supreme Court passed order to reduce the influence of money and criminals.
(ii) The Constitution was amended to prevent MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
(iii) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income tax returns.

Nothing

Democracy

Democracy is undoubtedly better than other forms of government. We can give the following arguments in its favour:
(i) Democracy improves the quality of decision making. Democracy is based on consultation and discussion. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and meetings. When a number of people put their head together, they are able to point out possible mistakes in any decision. This takes time but there is a big advantage in taking time over important decisions. This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decisions.
(ii) Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts. In any society people are bound to have differences of opinions and interests. These differences are particularly sharp in a country like ours which has an amazing social diversity. People belong to different regions, speak different languages, practice different religions and have different castes. They look at the world differently and have different preferences. The preference of one group can clash with those of other groups. This conflict can be solved peacefully in a democratic set-up. In democracy no one is a permanent winner, no one is a permanent loser. Different groups can live with one another peacefully.
(iii) Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens. Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on recognising that the poorest and the least educated has the same status as the rich and the educated. People are not subjects of a ruler, they are the rulers themselves.
(iv) Democracy allows us to correct its own mistakes. Another advantage in a democracy is that if mistake are made, they cannot be hidden for long. There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is a room for correction. Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rules can be changed This cannot happen in a non-democratic government.
(v) Democracy is more accountable form of government. Democracy responds to the needs of the people. A non-democratic government may and can respond to the people's needs, but it all depends on the wishes of the people who rule. A democracy requires that the rulers have to attend to the needs of the people.

SELF Help Group are small groups of 15-20 members of rural people in particular women belonging to one neighbouhood who meet and saves regularly. The members of the group can take small loan to meet their needs on low interest rate. Functioning: Most of the decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members.The group decides as regards the loans to be granted- the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule etc.Group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.Any case of non-repayment of loan, by any one member is followed up seriously by other members in the group.The SHG help borrowers overcome the problem of collateral.They provide timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.The group provrdes a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

https://1drv.ms/w/s!ArWS1cGMMF72iwUCGxjXoSEHcaVd

Compare the policies and methods used by Otto von Bismarck and Sardar Vallabh bhai Patel in unification of Germany and integration of States of India respectively: CONTENT: • CONDITION OF GERMANY BEFORE 1871(UNIFICATION) • CONDITION OF INDIA IMMEDIATELY AFTER 1947 • WHY THE NEED FOR UNIFICATION IN BOTH PLACES ? • EMERGENCE OF BISMARCK AND SADAR PATEL,THEIR BRIEF LIFE STORY • THEIR ROLE IN UNIFICATIN AND INTIGRATION • SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE METHODS ADOPTED BY TWO LEADERS • HOW DID THE UNIFICATION AFFECT THE GROWTH OF THE RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES. Condition of Germany before unification: • Before its unification in 1871, Germany was not a nation; it was only a collection of about 300 states. • Prussia was the only German state that could match the power and influence of the Austrian Empire. • Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. • Otto Von Bismarck played a prominent role in the unification of the German states. The condition of India after 1947 can be explained as follows :- • After the partition India had number of social problems such as religious and caste differences. It appeared difficult to accomodate such diverse people in a single country. • India was a poor country with a major chunk of population illiterate. • Life expectancy was extremely low at 37 years. • Many people lived under poverty. Especially in rural India where the only source of income was agriculture. Also. the health conditions and facilities were pretty dismal. WHY THE NEED FOR UNIFICATION IN BOTH PLACES ? The need for Unification of Germany and India can be attributed to the following reasons: a. To develop a sense of common collective identity among the people. b. To bring together politically fragmented units together under one constitution. c. To give right to self determination to its people. d. To establish a sovereign independent nation state. e. To give a sense of belonging to its people. EMERGENCE OF BISMARCK AND SADAR PATEL,THEIR BRIEF LIFE STORY Otto Von Bismarck • Otto Von Bismarck is known as the founder of German Empire. • He served as Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862 to 1873. • He was also the first chancellor of Germany from 1871 to 1890. • He believed that politics should be based on the needs of the State. • He took dominance of Germany through new slogan like “blood and iron” as his peaceful attempts was a failure. • He raised his army into colonies of Holstein and Schleswig in a war with Austria. • He believed that Prussia would gain control over German states that were under Austrian rule only by means of war. • He also wanted to eliminate French influence from the country. • A constitution with two house legislature was set up for the new country called Second Reich. • After unification of Germany through Bismarck, Germany became the industrial giant. • Chemical and Electrical industries developed in Germany. • Germany’s iron and coal, mineral reserves helped in the growth of German economy. Sardar Vallabai Patel • Sardar Vallabai Patel was known as the Iron man of India • He was impressed by Gandhiji principles and followed non – violence techniques in reuniting India. • He became a barrister and returned to India in 1913. • With great political foresight, he united the small kingdoms like Nizam etc. • He persuaded the rulers of princely states to unite and aim for the independence of India and also akhand bharat. • Through untiring efforts he worked towards the unity of India by non – violence. • Hence, due to the achievement of this hard task, Sardar Patel was given the title Iron Man of India. • Thus, he came to be respected as the prestigious leader in the world through his unique unification methods without any bloodshed. THEIR ROLE IN UNIFICATIN AND INTIGRATION: The role of Bismarck:- • Otto von Bismarck and Prussian king, Wilhelm I are involved in unification of Germany. • Otto Von Bismarck was the Prussian Chancellor. His main goal was to further strengthen the position of Prussia in Europe. Bismarck had a number of primary aims: 1. to unify the north German states under Prussian control 2. to weaken Prussia's main rival, Austria, by removing it from the German Federation 3. to make Berlin, not Vienna, the centre of German affairs 4. to strengthen the position of the King of Prussia, Wilhelm I, countering the demands for reform from the Liberals in the Prussian Reichstag Role of sadar patel in unification • Patel played a crucial role in persuading as many as 565 princely states to accede to the union of India after independence. • Patel oversaw the accession of 565 princely states into the Indian union, thereby blocking splitting of a country into miniature nations • "Through the spring of 1947, Patel threw a series of lunch parties, where he urged his princely guests to help the Congress in framing a new constitution of India. • Initial framework for persuading the princes to join, it was his alert and intelligent secretary, V.P. Menon, who did the groundwork of coaxing them. • On September 13, 1947 Sardar Patel ordered the Indian army to take over Hyderabad. • It took less than four days for Indian troops to take control of the princely state. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE METHODS ADOPTED BY TWO LEADERS: Similarities between Sardar Vallabai Patel and Bismarck • Both were great leaders • Both worked for the unification of their respective countries, India and Germany Both of them consolidated the disintegrated states in their countries. • Bismark used political tactics and a famous policy called "Blood And Iron Policy". • On the other hand Patel used this Bismarks policy in the unification of Hyderabad and also used many tactics to unify Junagadh such as holding a plebisite. HOW DID THE UNIFICATION AFFECT THE GROWTH OF THE RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES: • they felt solely a unified Germany will increase the expansion of their economy. • lt was believed that growth of economy and trade are often developed solely through unification of states. • It help to make unity among people's. • People are able to follow constitutions rule and it also give all rights to the people . • Now people can do any work without paying taxes or dues. • People can now able to protest against goverment if any wrong things happens.

 

• The Kheda campaign (1918) was a success and through a village-by-village tour, Patel and his associated compelled the peasants to refuse to pay taxes until the government met their demands. Patel raised an army of volunteers who helped the villagers in this work. This revolt directed a lot of sympathy towards the farmers’ plight. The government agreed to talk with Patel and also suspended taxes for a year. Patel emerged as a hero of the people.
• After this in 1920, he was elected the president of the Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee. He remained in that position till 1945.
• When Gandhi announced the non-cooperation movement in 1920, Patel supported him and worked tirelessly organising it. It was then that he discarded his European garb and adopted Khadi. Patel was one leader who supported Gandhi when he suspended the movement in the wake of the Chauri Chaura Happened on February 5th, 1922) incident.
• Another major campaign led by Patel was the Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928. Here again, he asked farmers to refuse to pay taxes in the wake of floods and famines in the area, and a steep hike in taxes by the government. After the success of this campaign, the title ‘Sardar’ was bestowed on him by his colleagues.
• Patel was arrested during the Dandi Salt March (1930). After his release following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, he was elected the President of the INC in its Karachi session in 1931. He was again arrested in 1932.
• He became a central figure in the Congress Party and was its chief fundraiser and organiser especially in selecting candidates for the central and provincial assemblies. He believed in instilling discipline among the party members and did not want people to be distracted from the larger goal which was independence from British rule.
• He supported the Quit India Movement and inspired people to fight by an emotional speech made on 7 August 1942. He was arrested along with all prominent national leaders and released only in June 1945.
• Partition of the country seemed inevitable and even though Patel was against it, he understood that it was needed at that time as the Congress and the Muslim League could not see eye to eye on that issue. It was also needed to stem the tide of communal hatred and violence that was seeping throughout the country. At the Congress meeting set to vote on the proposal, he said, “I fully appreciate the fears of our brothers from [the Muslim-majority areas]. Nobody likes the division of India and my heart is heavy. But the choice is between one division and many divisions. We must face facts. We cannot give way to emotionalism and sentimentality….Whether we like it or not, de facto Pakistan already exists in the Punjab and Bengal. Under the circumstances, I would prefer a de jure Pakistan, which may make the League more responsible. Freedom is coming. We have 75 to 80 percent of India, which we can make strong with our own genius. The League can develop the rest of the country.”
• Patel represented India on the Partition Council where the division of public assets between the two new nations was overseen.
• After the unimaginable horrors of the violence during partition, Patel set about organising relief work and refugee camps. He called the South Indian regiments of the Indian Army to restore order in the affected areas knowing well that the police force of Punjab and Delhi, who were too close to the tragedy, could not be relied upon.
• Patel is revered in India not only for his role as a freedom fighter but also for his role in unifying the country after independence. India was politically composed of British Indian provinces and the princely states which numbered more than 600.
• Patel is considered as the Bismarck of India with regard to his stellar contribution to the political integration of the country. When the Nawab of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan despite having an 80% Hindu population, Patel sent the army there. With a combination of military and political tactics, the princely state was merged with India. Hyderabad also, with a similar situation (Hindu majority with a Muslim ruler) followed the Junagadh way. The Indian army, on the orders of Patel, invaded Hyderabad in 1948 and secured its union with India.
• Patel was in charge of the Provincial Constitution Committee and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas, in the Constituent Assembly of India.
• For his role in setting up the modern civil services of India, he is also referred to as the ‘patron saint’ of the civil services. He famously called the services the ‘steel frame’ of the country’s government machinery.
• Sardar Patel died in Bombay of a massive heart attack on 15 December 1950 aged 75.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1991. His birth anniversary is observed as Rashtriya Ekta Diwas (National Unity Day) since 2014.

• Otto von bismark is a conservative prussian statesman who dominated european and german affairs .
• His name was otto eduard leopold ,prince of bismark
• He was the first chancelor of the german empire
• Sardar vallabhbhai also known as patel sardar was the first indian deputy prime minister

The muslims gave a lukewarm response to the civil disobedience movement because:

1. After the decline of non cooperation khilafat movement, a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
2. From the mid 1920s the congress came to be more associated with Hindu religious nationalist groups like Hindu mahasabha.
3. As relations between Hindus and muslims worsened, each community organised religious procession with militant fervour provoking hindu-muslim communal clashes and riots in various cities.

Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns such as land, vehicles, bank deposits etc and use this as guarantee to pay the loan . If the borrower fails to pay loan then bank has right to sell the collateral an obtain money.

It is some assets on the basis of that person is credited and if he or she is unable to repay the loan then that collateral is seized

Collateral (Security) is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.

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<div data-async-context="query:Collateral%20definition%20class%2010" eid="ipvRX7bmJvSU4-EPoZO-mAI" id="rso" style="margin-top: 6px; color: rgb(32, 33, 36); font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: medium; user-select: initial !important;"> <div class="g mnr-c g-blk" data-hveid="CBAQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwi204DdwcLtAhV0yjgGHaGJDyMQjDYoAHoECBAQAA" lang="en-IN" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; width: 600px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 28px; position: relative; user-select: initial !important;"> <div class="kp-blk c2xzTb Wnoohf OJXvsb" style="box-shadow: none; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(223, 225, 229); border-radius: 8px; position: relative; width: 652px; user-select: initial !important;"> <div class="xpdopen" style="user-select: initial !important;"> <div class="ifM9O" style="user-select: initial !important;">

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<div style="user-select: initial !important;"> <div class="mod" data-md="61" lang="en-IN" style="user-select: initial !important; clear: none; padding-top: 16px; border-radius: 8px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px;"> <div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CAcQAA" role="heading" style="user-select: initial !important; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 20px;">Collateral (Security) is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestocks, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating and imposing eleven demands. Among all the demands, the most stirring of all the demands was to abolish the salt tax that is consumed by the rich and the poor. The demands were needed to be fulfilled by 11 March or else the Congress will initiate a civil disobedience campaign. The popular salt march was started by Mahatma Gandhi and it was accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march covered over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in a place called Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, and started manufacturing salt by boiling seawater. This movement marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

SELF Help Group are small groups of 15-20 members of rural people in particular women belonging to one neighbouhood who meet and saves regularly. The members of the group can take small loan to meet their needs on low interest rate.
Functioning:

• Most of the decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members.
• The group decides as regards the loans to be granted- the purpose, amount, interest to be
  charged, repayment schedule etc.
• Group is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
• Any case of non-repayment of loan, by any one member is followed up seriously by other members in the group.
• The SHG help borrowers overcome the problem of collateral.
• They provide timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.
• The group provrdes a platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, et

• January 1915 — Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa
• 1919 — Gandhiji launched satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act
• 13 April 1919 — Jallianwala Bagh incident
• March 1919 — Khilafat Committee formed
• September 1920 — Gandhiji convinced Congress for a non-cooperation movement
• December 1920 — Non-Cooperation program was adopted by Congress in Nagpur
• January 1921 — Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began
• October 1920 — Oudh Kisan Sabha 6 January 1921 Police firing at peasants in Rae Bareli
• 1920 — The militant guerrilla movement spread in Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh
• 1922 — Chauri Chaura violence
• 11 February 1922 — Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement
• 1928 — “Go Back Simon” movement
• Nov 1930 -Jan 1931 — First Round Table Conference
• Sept-Dec 1931 — Second Round Table Conference
• Nov -Dec 1932 — Third Round Table Conference
• December 1929 — The “Purna Swaraj” was formalized
• 26 January 1930 — Declared to be celebrated as the Independence Day but got very little attention
• 31 January 1930 — Gandhiji sent a letter of Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands
• 12 March 1930 — Salt March or Dandi March or Dandi Satyagraha or Civil Disobedience Movement started
• 6 April 1930 — Salt March ended
• April 1930 — Abdul Ghaffar Khan got arrested
• May 1930 — Mahatma Gandhi got arrested
• 5 March 1931 — Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• 23 March 1931 — Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death
• December 1931 — Gandhiji went to London for a conference but returned disappointed
• 26 September 1932 — Poona Pact
• Jan 1932 — Civil Disobedience Movement started again
• 1920 — Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress
• 1927 — Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI)
• 1906 — Muslim League established
• 1928 — Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
• 1935 — The government of India Act
• 8 August 1942 — Quit India movement launched
• August 1925 — Kakori Train Conspiracy Case

• January 1915 — Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa
• 1919 — Gandhiji launched satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act
• 13 April 1919 — Jallianwala Bagh incident
• March 1919 — Khilafat Committee formed
• September 1920 — Gandhiji convinced Congress for a non-cooperation movement
• December 1920 — Non-Cooperation program was adopted by Congress in Nagpur
• January 1921 — Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began
• October 1920 — Oudh Kisan Sabha 6 January 1921 Police firing at peasants in Rae Bareli
• 1920 — The militant guerrilla movement spread in Gudem Hills, Andhra Pradesh
• 1922 — Chauri Chaura violence
• 11 February 1922 — Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement
• 1928 — “Go Back Simon” movement
• Nov 1930 -Jan 1931 — First Round Table Conference
• Sept-Dec 1931 — Second Round Table Conference
• Nov -Dec 1932 — Third Round Table Conference
• December 1929 — The “Purna Swaraj” was formalized
• 26 January 1930 — Declared to be celebrated as the Independence Day but got very little attention
• 31 January 1930 — Gandhiji sent a letter of Viceroy Irwin stating 11 demands
• 12 March 1930 — Salt March or Dandi March or Dandi Satyagraha or Civil Disobedience Movement started
• 6 April 1930 — Salt March ended
• April 1930 — Abdul Ghaffar Khan got arrested
• May 1930 — Mahatma Gandhi got arrested
• 5 March 1931 — Gandhi-Irwin Pact
• 23 March 1931 — Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death
• December 1931 — Gandhiji went to London for a conference but returned disappointed
• 26 September 1932 — Poona Pact
• Jan 1932 — Civil Disobedience Movement started again
• 1920 — Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress
• 1927 — Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI)
• 1906 — Muslim League established
• 1928 — Death of Lala Lajpat Rai
• 1935 — The government of India Act
• 8 August 1942 — Quit India movement launched
• August 1925 — Kakori Train Conspiracy Case

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Young Italy is a secret society which was found by Guizeepe Mazzeni.

युवा (यंग) इटली इटालियन युवाओंके (40 वर्ष से कम आयु) लिए एक राजनीतिक आंदोलन था जिसकी स्थापना 1831 में गुसेप माझीनी ने की थी। इटली छोड़ने के कुछ महीनों के बाद, जून 1831 में, माज़िनी ने सार्डिनिया के राजा चार्ल्स अल्बर्ट को एक पत्र लिखा, जिसमें उन्होंने उसे इटली को एकजुट करने और राष्ट्र का नेतृत्व करने के लिए कहा।

Ernst Renan was a French philosopher and attributes of a nation are according to him as follows—
(i) A nation is not formed by a common language, race, religion or territory.
(ii)To form a nation, social capital, common glories and deeds of the past and common will are necessary.

The various types of roads in India are explained below:

(i) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: It is a network of six lane super highways including North-South Corridor and East-West Corridor. It is a major road development project that connects Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is implementing this gigantic project.

(ii)National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).

(iii)State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.

(iv)District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.

(v)Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation, a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these area.

Simple majority may refer to: Majority, a voting requirement of more than half of all ballots cast. ... Supermajority, a voting requirement of a specified level of support which is greater than the "one half" threshold used for majority. A majority, also called a simple majority to distinguish it from similar terms (see the "Related terms" section below), is the greater part, or more than half, of the total. ... "Majority" can be used to specify the voting requirement, as in a "majority vote", which means more than half of the votes cast.

 (i) Hand Printing : The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea. This was a system of hand printing. From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there- against the inked surface of woodblocks. As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be printed, the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book’ was folded and stitched at the side. Superbly skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of calligraphy.
(ii) Major producer : The imperial state in China was, for a very long time, the major producer of printed material. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that increased the volume of print.
(iii) Printing in the 17th century : By the seventeenth century, as urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Print was no longer used just by scholar officials. Merchants used print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information. Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. The new readership preferred fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, and romantic plays. Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about their lives.
(iv) Printing in the 19th century : This new reading culture was accompanied by a new technology. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the fate nineteenth century as Western powers established their outposts in China. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style schools. From hand printing there was now a gradual shift to mechanical printing.

Democracy is a better form of government because 1. In democracy their is free and fair elections . 2. Government is accountable to people. 3. In democracy Every one has right to vote. 4 . In democracy people can choose their representatives.if elected representatives not working properly then we have right to ask why they are not working for people. 5. We have right to Express our views or our problem.

• The transformation of Great Britain into a nation state was not a sudden process. There was no one British nation before the eighteenth century.
• People residing in the British Isles were mainly English, Welsh, Scots and Irish. These ethnic groups had distinct political and social traditions.
• As the English nation grew in wealth and power, it began to dominate the other islands.
• In 1688, the English Parliament seized power from the monarchy. The Parliament passed the Act of Union, 1707, by which England and Scotland were unified resulting in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
• The Parliament was dominated by the English, and the political and cultural identities of the Scots were systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland were brutally suppressed whenever they wanted to regain their independence.
• Ireland was inhabited by the Protestants and the Catholics. The English supported the Protestants and established their rule with their help and support. Catholics, who constituted a majority in Ireland, revolted against the British on numerous occasions but were suppressed.
• Ireland forcibly became a part of Britain in 1801. The English language dominated, and both Scotland and Ireland were subordinate to England.

This is a strange case because the formation of nation states in Great Britain was not a result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was rather a result of long-drawn-out process. 

You want the unification of Britain ?

(i) Money or material things that one can buy with it is one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of our life also depends upon non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.
(ii) Money cannot buy us a pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace, etc.
(iii) There are many facilities like schools, colleges, parks, hospitals which an individual cannot afford. All these are to be provided by the government/society.
(iv) Money possessed by an individual even can not provide us a type of government which take decisions for the welfare of the common people.

Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements who want to secede from a larger polity[citation needed] (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic sovereign state) or as a specific theory opposed to capitalism in Marxist–Leninist discourse, derived from Vladimir Lenin's work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. A less common usage is by supporters of a non-interventionist foreign policy.

People who categorize themselves as anti-imperialists often state that they are opposed to colonialism, colonial empires, hegemony, imperialism and the territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders. The phrase gained a wide currency after the Second World War and at the onset of the Cold War as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed the United States supported the power of the Soviet Union, such as in Guevarism, while in Maoism this was criticized as social imperialism. 

During this “Age of Imperialism,” the United States exerted political, social, and economic control over countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Germany, Austria, Korea, and Japan.

Sir John Simon

Sr john Simon is the leader

The leader of Simon commission was Sr John Simon

Kya pata

Sir John Simon

Abanindranath Tagore painted the painting of Bharat Mata in 1905

Abanindranath Tagore

Bharat Mata is a work painted by the Indian painter Abanindranath Tagore in 1905.