(1) In a modern state a centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory. It had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.

(2) A nation state was one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.

(3) This commonness was forged through struggles, through the actions of the leaders and the common people and did not exist from time immemorial.

 

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources in the following ways:

• It provides equipments which increases production that lead to the consumption of more resources. Introduction of sophisticated machinery further helps in exploitation of resources.
• The economic development leads to the rise of the needs of people which results into more consumption of resources.
• Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies which helps to convert various materials into resources.

 

Unification of Germany:

• The  newly  emerged  middle  class  in  Germany  in  1848  tried  to  unite  several German  kingdoms which  were  suppressed  by  monarchies  and  large  landowners into one nation state governed by an elected body.
• Prussia, a German kingdom, took the leadership in uniting various German states. Otto  von  Bismarck,  the  Chief  Minister  of  Prussia, aimed  to  achieve  the  goal  of unification with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy.
• Spread over seven years, the Prussian army with the help of the Austrian, French and Danish armies fought three wars and successfully incorporated all the small German kingdoms. This marked the process of completion of German unification.
• The  German  unification  was  completed  in  1871  and  in  the  same  year William I was  declared  as  the emperor of Germany at the Palace of Versailles.
• The process of the unification of Germany exhibited the power of the Prussian state. Many new reforms were initiated in banking, currency, administration and judiciary in Germany.

(i) Government can fix the minimum wages rate and working hours.
(ii) Government can provide cheap loans to the self employed people.
(iii) Government can provide cheap and affordable basic services like education, health, food to these workers.
(iv) Government can frame new laws which can provide provision for overtime, paid leave, leave due to sickness, etc.

Though income is one of the most important aspects of our lives, there are other important things, such as (a) People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect. (b) Women need safe and secure environment to take up a variety of Jobs or run a business. (c) People also need political rights.

2. 

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Power-sharing is desirable due to the following reasons

• It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict and clashes between social groups.
• Secondly, a democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.
• People will have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed and can change the power in the next upcoming years.

Forms of power-sharing

There are different forms of power-sharing in modern democracies which are listed below

• Horizontal distribution of power – Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example – India This distribution ensures that none of the organs can exercise and utilise unlimited power. Each and every organ keeps an eye on the others. This system of arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.
• The federal division of power – Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general central government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or state and regional level. Example – India Union Government that is central government & State Government.
• Community government – Power can also be shared among different socially active groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Example – Belgium
• Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements – This kind of power-sharing competition ensures that power does not remain in one single hand. For longer duration, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups.

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a.

Prudential Reasons

(1) Prudential reasons are based on careful calculation of gains and losses.

(2) These reasons help to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

(3) Reservation of constituencies for minorities and women in India is a prudential reason.

Moral reasons

(1) Moral reasons are based purely on moral considerations.

(2) These reasons are considered as the basic spirit of democracy.

(iii) Decentralisation of power in India is an example of moral reason.

Option c

 Abdul Ghaffar khan was a devont disciple of Mahatma Gandhi who lead the Civil Disobedience movement in Peshawar.

All democratic countries are likely to have a Constitution, but on the other hand, it is not necessary that all countries that have a Constitution are democratic. The Constitution serves several purposes as listed below.

1. A Constitution tells us what the fundamental nature of our society is.
2. A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed.

Why We Need a Constitution

1. In democratic societies, the Constitution often lays down rules that guard against the misuse of authority by our political leaders.
2. The Constitution ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against less powerful people or groups.
3. The Constitution helps to protect us against decisions that could have an adverse effect on the larger principles that the country believes in.

Causes of Quit India Movement

• The Second World War had started in 1939 and Japan, which was part of the Axis Powers that were opposed to the British in the war were gaining onto the north-eastern frontiers of India.
• The British had abandoned their territories in South-East Asia and had left their population in the lurch. This act did not garner much faith among the Indian population who had doubts about the British ability to defend India against Axis aggression.
• Gandhi also believed that if the British left India, Japan would not have enough reason to invade India.
• Apart from hearing news about British setbacks in the war, the war-time difficulties such as high prices of essential commodities fostered resentment against the British government.
• The failure of the Cripps Mission to guarantee any kind of a constitutional remedy to India’s problems also led to the INC calling for a mass civil disobedience movement.

Alluri sitarama raju was well known because of his involvement in the nationalist struggle for independence of India he was a brave son mother land India who sacrificed his life in order to make his country back free from British government . 1.He was a person who was inspired by Gandhiji's non cooperation movement.2.He led the guerilla movement of tribals of gudem hills in Andra Pradesh. 3.He claiamed that he had some special powers in him he could make some astrological correct and even he could survive the bullet . 4.but he didnt accept the opinion of non violence . 5. He persuaded the people of Andra Pradesh to wear Khadi clothes and give up drinking 6. He and his group killed many British officials. And he said freedom will Achieved Do only by fight not the non violence. 7. Finally he arrested and killed by British on 7 may 1924 in baragoppa .

He led the militant movement of tribal peasants in Andhra Pradesh

Alluri Sitaram Raju was the tribal peasant’s leader in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers. He could make correct astrological predictions and heal people and he could survive even bullet shorts.
Role:

• Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi.

• Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• He persuaded people to wear khadi and gave up drinking.
• But at the same time, he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not by non-violence.
• The Gudem rebels attacked police station, attempted to kill British officials and carried
  on guerrilla warfare for achieving Swaraj.

@Parth Wakodikar yes

Horses are a function of human activities.human beings interacts with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development.human being themselves are essential component of resource they transform materials available in our environment into resource and use them

No,

In india, there is multi party system. In this system, more than two parties exist.

Multie party system

1.Sri Lankan government adopted majoritarian roles,. It ignored the intrest of the minority community ( tamils) and thus there wasn't equality in the country. 2.But Belgium was poopsite to SriLankans . It sought to promote equality in the country . There was equal representation of every community. 3. Both Sri Lankan and Belgium are democracies and they dealed with question of power sharing. Because the system of power sharing is different in both countries. 4. It shows us that the majority community want to force it's dominandominance over other and refuse to share power it can undermine the unity of the country. 5. In Belgium there is one special group or government called the community government. Based on religin caste and language issues. In ??Belgium there is no such discrimination But in SriLanka no major political parties are arranged and are sensitive to the language ang culture of Tamils.

Sri Lanka :
- Sri Lanka was independent in 1948
- Sinhala speaking were a mojority in the country...so to rule on the country they adopted a series of MAJORITARIAN in the country in order to spread there kingdom
- Sinhala was known as the official lang. in 1956
- This created a feeling of disrespect b/w the communities leading to a CivilWar in Sri Lanka.

Belgium
- Small Country in Europe
- The French was a mojority but the Dutch people took over the govt. in the country
- To resolve the prob. No. of Dutch people and French were given equal positions in the Constitution
- No single community can take decisions by there own
- Many powers of Central were given to State govt.
- Brussels had a seperate govt.
- Community govt. was formed were only one language community can belong. .
 

Power sharing must be practiced to maintain peace and equality in a country or a society

(i) Perspectives on development. (ii) Common indicators for development. (iii) Method for measuring development. (iv)Concept of purchasing power parity.

Hi

Mohammad Ali and shokat ali

Due to the defeat of ottoman emperor in world war ,it was spread in India that a harsh treaty will be laid on him and it was considered to be the head of Muslim world ,khlifa.khifat movement was started by

(i) The Khilafat movement (1919–1924) initiated by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali was a mass movement against the reduction of temporal powers of Caliph after defeat of Ottoman-Turkey in the First World War. 

(ii) To defend Khalifa’s temporal powers, Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 as he was considered as the spiritual head of Muslims. 

(iii) Gandhiji supported it because he saw it as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified National Movement.

Sir

Hi

Will Thorne is one of those who went in search of seasonal work, loading bricks and doing odd jobs. He describes how job-seekers walked to London in search of work:

 

‘I had always wanted to go to London, and my desire … was stimulated by letters from an old workmate … who was now working at the Old Kent Road Gas Works … I finally decided to go … in November, 1881. With two friends I started out to walk the journey, filled with the hope that we would be able to obtain employment, when we get there, with the kind assistance of my friend … we had little money when we started, not enough to pay for our food and lodgings each night until we arrived in London. Some days we walked as much as twenty miles, and other days less. Our money was gone at the end of the third day … For two nights we slept out – once under a haystack, and once in an old farm shed … On arrival in London we tried to find … my friend … but … were unsuccessful. Our money was gone, so there was nothing for us to do but to walk around until late at night, and then try to find some place to sleep. We found an old building and slept in it that night. The next day, Sunday, late in the afternoon, we got to the Old Kent Gas Works, and applied for work. To my great surprise, the man we had been looking for was working at the time. He spoke to the foreman and I was given a job.’ Quoted in Raphael Samuel, ‘Comers and Goers’, in H.J. Dyos and Michael Wolff, eds, The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 1973.

F**k

Print made Martin Luther able to publish his ideas as a religious reformer. In 1517, he wrote Ninety Five Theses in which he criticised many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. He challenged the church to debate his ideas. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and were widely read. This led to a division within the Church and led to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Luther expressed his gratitude to print, by saying, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one.’ Several scholars, in fact, think that print brought about a new intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the Reformation.

India has land under the various relief features namely ; plain, mountain, plateau.

The main features of India are:- # The Northern Himalayas # The Northern plains # The Northern mountains # The Peninsular Plateau # The Great Indian Desert # The Coastal Plain # The Island Group

Main relief features of India are 1. The Himalayas 2.The Northern Plains 3. The Northern Mountains 4. The peninsular Plateau 5. The Great Indian Desert 6. The Coastal Plain 7. The Island group

The Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian Economy because:

1. It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
2. It employs largest number of people after agriculture, i.e. 35 million persons directly.
3. Its share in the foreign exchange earnings is significant at about 24.6%.
4. It contributes 4% towards GDP.
5. It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Economic activities:- 1- Economic activities lead to an increase in the personal income of the individual. 2- These add value to the national income. Non-economic activities:- 1- Non-economic activities do not increase the personal income of the individual. 2- These do not add any value to the national income.

Economic Activities:

1. Economic activities lead to an increase in the personal income of the individual.

2. Economic activities contribute to the flow of goods and services in an economy.

3. These add value to the national income.

Non economic activities:

1. Non economic activities do not increase the personal income of an individual.

2. Non economic activities do not contribute to the flow of goods and services in an economy.

3. These do not add any value to the national income.

Economic activities:?? 1) Economic activities refers to a human activity related to production & consumption of goods & services for economic gain. 2) Economic motive is to earn money. 3) Money is measured in monetary terms. 4) It results in creation of wealth & assets. Non-economic activities:?? 1) Non-economic activity refers to a activity performed with the aim of providing services to others without any regard to monetary gain. 2) Non-economic motive is social or psychological. 3) Money lacks in measurement. 4) It results in satisfaction & happiness

• Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh - joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops, they were hard-hit by depression and falling prices. For them, Swaraj meant struggle against high revenues.
• Poor peasants joined the struggle because they found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
• Rich business classes were against colonial policies which restricted trade. They joined the movement because they wanted protection against import of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without constraints.

Thanks

Revolution of 1830 in France	Revolution of 1848 in France
This was caused due to the presence of social and political inequalities in the society.	This was caused due to economic hardships and inequalities faced by the people as a result of the Industrial  revolution
This uprising did not abolish monarchy completely. It established constitutional monarchy	It abolished monarchy and declared France a republic
The Revolution was able to achieve social equality in the society	It was able to achieve limited political equality in the society.

FISSION Binary Fission The parents cell divides into two equal halves Equal halves (daughter cells) E.g. Amoeba follows transverse binary fission,i.e. fissin in any plane. ->Leishmania has a whip-like structure at one end and binary fission occurs in a definite orientation. Multiple Fission The parent cell divides into many daughter cell simultaneously. Eg. Plasmodium  the process where nucleus lengthens is NUCLEOKINESIS and where the cytoplasm lenghthens is CYTOKINESIS. 2. BUDDING: A bud develops as an outgrowth on parent body due to repeated cell division at a specific site. These buds detach from the parent body when they mature. E.g. Hydra, yeast.  3. SPORE FORMATION : Spores which are present in sporangia, are small, bulb like structure which are covered by thick walls that protect them until they come in contact with suitable condition. Under favourable conditions, they germinate and produce new Rhizopus indiviual.  4. FRAGMENTATION : It takes place in multicellular organism with simple body organisation. It is the accidental process when the brokenpieces of an organism (fragments) grows into a complete organism.  5. REGENERATION : When the simple animals like Hydra ,Planaria develop a new individual from their broken older part it is known as regeneration. It is carried out by specialised cells which divide and differentiate to form the complete individual. These cells multiply and from this mass of cells other parts are generated. Regeneration follows an organised sequence referred to as DEVELOPMENT. 

ಲೇ ಯಾವನಾದ್ರು ಹೇಳ್ರಲೇ ******

CBSE Class 10 Social Science Revision Notes Political Science Chapter- 7 Outcomes of Democracy Overview 1. We begin by thinking about how to access the outcomes of democracy. 2. After some clarity on how to think on this subject, we proceed to look at the expected and actual outcomes of democracy in various respects. 3. Our final verdict – positive but qualified. How do we access democracy’s outcomes? 1. Democracy is the better form of government when compared with dictatorship or any other alternative. 2. We felt that democracy was better because of it: I) Promotes equally among citizens; II) Enhances the dignity of the individual; III) Improves the quality of decision – making; IV) Provides a method to resolve conflicts; and V) Allows room to correct mistakes. 3. We face a dilemma: democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in its practice. 4. This dilemma invites us to think hard about the outcomes of the democracy. 5. Our interest in and fascination for democracy often push us into taking a position that democracy can address all socio-economic and political problem. 6. The first step towards thinking carefully about the outcomes of democracy is to recognise that democracy is just a form of government. Accountable, responsive and legitimate government: 1. The most basic outcome of democracy should be that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. 2. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. 3. Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and procedures. 4. The right and the means to examine the process of decision-making known as transparency. 5. Democratic governments do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with citizens. 6. In substantive terms, it may be reasonable to expect from democracy a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free to corruption. 7. The record of democracies is not impressive on these two counts. 8. There is one respect in which democratic government is certainly better than its alternatives: the democratic government is the legitimate government. 9. People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. They also believe that democracy is suitable for their country. Economic growth and development: 1. The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic development worries us. But this alone cannot be the reason to reject democracy. 2. The difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. 3. We cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development. 4. But we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorships in this respect. Reduction of inequality and poverty: 1. Perhaps more than development, it is reasonable to expect democracies to reduce economic disparities. 2. A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and incomes. 3. Not only that, their share in the total income of the country has been increasing. 4. In actual life, democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities. Accommodation of social diversity: 1. It will be fair expectation that democracy should produce a harmonious social life. 2. Ability to handle social differences, divisions, and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes. 3. Two conditions in order to achieve the outcome: I) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. II) It is also necessary that rule by the majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic groups. Dignity and freedom of the citizens: 1. Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. 2. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. 3. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. 4. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated societies. 5. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. 6. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. 7. Expectations from democracy also function as the criteria for judging and democratic country. 8. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. 9. Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest.

40%

40%

40%

26%

44%

Date me?

By the quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends. The most serious source of nationalists tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation. One by one its European subjects nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. The Balkan area became an era of intense conflict. The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of each other. But the idea that societies should be organized into ‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.

Organized credit is also called Informal credit Notes and coin

Notes and coins

Organised credit is also called

formal credit

The main objectives of the Consumer Protection Act are:
(a) Providing better and all round protection to consumer.
(b) Providing machinery for the speedy redressal of the grievances.

(c) Creating framework for consumers to seek redressal.

(d) Providing rights to consumers.

(e) Safeguarding rights of Consumers.