The factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are manifold. It started as a "social force" with the need to protect and promote consumer interests against unfair and unethical trade practices. Extreme food shortages, hoarding, black marketing and adulteration of food led to the consumer movement becoming an organised arena in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were mostly busy writing articles and holding exhibitions. More recently, there has been an upsurge in the number of consumer groups who have shown concern towards ration shop malpractices and overcrowding of public transport vehicles. In 1986, the Indian government enacted the Consumer Protection Act, also known as COPRA. This was a major step in the consumer movement in India.

(i) The above statement is true from the examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka. If the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. 

(ii) But if they suppress such a demand in the name of national unity, the end result is often quite the opposite. Thus with such attempts at forced integration often saw the seeds of integration.

Double coincidence of wants occurs when two individuals swap (exchange) their goods, in exchange for one another. This is also referred to as the 'perfect barter exchange'. In such cases, both the individuals are happy to exchange their good or commodities. 

Examole:

A shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and buy wheat. The shoe manufacturer
will first exchange shoes that he had produced for money, and then exchange the money for wheat. Imagine how difficult it would be if the shoe manufacturer had to directly exchange shoes for wheat without using money. He would have to look for a wheat growing farmer, who not only wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoes in exchange. That is, both parties have to agree to sell and buy each other’s commodities. This is known as double coincidence of wants.

Economic growth and development is less in Democracies because:

a. Democratic form of governments are characterized by political instability, if the government loses majority it may fall and may not be able to complete its full term. A dictatorial regime is stable.

b. Likewise, government changes after certain period of time, there is no continuy in economic policies governing the country. A dictatorial regime may follow one policy for a longer period of time.

c. Democracy involves thorough deliberation and discussion, which results in delays in decision making process. There is only one person who takes decision for the entire country. It results in quick decision making.

d. There are large number of people involved in the decision making process as a result it becomes difficult to accommodate diverse interests and viewpoints. 

e. Democracies involve corruption, favoritism , nepotism, red tapism at all levels which hampers country's growth. In a dictatorial regime these aspects are checked by a dictator.

f. Modern democracies are capitalist democracies where few accumulate wealth, and rest are deprived of fair share. It is the capitalist class which influences decision making. In a dictatorship, it is the dictator who decides policy for the entire country which involves more state controlled policies than capitalist controlled.

The government thus contributes towards the economic development of the nation:
By development of infrastructure, i.e.,

1. Construction of roads, national highways, flyovers, metro-rails, railway lines, irrigation through dams, etc.
2. The government provides an impetus to industrial growth by supplying electricity at affordable rates.
3. By running schools and providing good quality of education, the government is trying to remove illiteracy and taking the nation forward.

1. Direct Role: The government is a social-welfare organisation. It works for the benefits of the common people without making any motive to maximise profit.

2. Indirect Role: In spite of several direct roles, the government also plays different indirect roles for the rapid economic development of the country.

What do the Saints Angels and Christ symbolise in the Utopian vision a) equality b) fraternity c) freedom d) resentment against Nation

Ans : c) freedom

• THE French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the people of Europe from despotism.
• When this news of events in French reached the different cities of Europe, students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs.
• Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in 1790s.
• With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.
• Within the wide swathe of territory that came under his control, Napoleon set about introducing many of the reforms that he had already introduced in France.

Aristocracy- a class of persons holding exceptional rank and privileges, . especially the hereditary nobility

 Midddle class: After feudalism came to an end in Europe, a new class of men came to the forefront of the society , the middle class.They were the trading class, the mercantile and the business class and the professionals.

Role of public sector/government
(i) It ensures rapid economic development.
(ii) It promotes redistribution of Income and wealth.
(iii) It develops industries which require huge investment.
(iv) It ensures balanced regional growth.
(v) It prevents concentration of economic power.
(vi) It generates resources for development.
(vii) It promotes import substitution.
(viii) It generates employment.
(ix) It helps in development of small-scale industries.

Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its prosperity:

1. Resources are space-bound so countries need to trade with each other to procure various resources.

 2. When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, its favourable balance of trade. This shows a positive condition of the economy.

3. When the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, its unfavourable balance of trade. This is negative for an economy.

4. Increased international trade shows increased relations between countries which is mutually beneficially.

 5. International trade is also considered an economic barometer for a country because it's a huge source of income as well as a sign of development.

(i) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India, as they link different parts of the country. 

(ii) They carry huge loads and bulky goods to long distances. 

(iii) Railways make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with goods transportation over longer distances. 

(iv) Railways have been a great integrating force for the nation, for more than 150 years now. 

(v) They have been helpful in binding the economic life of the country and cultural fusion. 

(vi) They have accelerated the development of the industry and agriculture.

The relationship Between Muslim league and congress saw many upheavals. At times it required cooperation from both while sometimes it stood on complete opposition to each other.

The league -congress relationship had been one of the most controversial issue during the time of Indian Independence.

Both the parties which believed in cooperation and coexistence among the both.

Although the major issue of opposition among the two had been on the question of representation which finally led to partition in the long run.

The period between 1919-20s saw the most harmonious period between the two parties which were never visible in the near future.

Important issue which marked the difference was the Hindu Muslim conflict. Hindus and Muslims the two largest communities living in India entered into pitched political battles as a result of the political developments that captured the Indian freedom struggle.

The differences got more furated with the results of general elections and provincial elections held under the British rule .

As the league failed to gather popular support in comparison to the congress this added to the dissatisfaction.

All this ended up, into loss of innocent lives and division of the subcontinent into two dominion

The relationship Between Muslim league and congress saw many upheavals. At times it required cooperation from both while sometimes it stood on complete opposition to each other.

The league -congress relationship had been one of the most controversial issue during the time of Indian Independence.

Both the parties which believed in cooperation and coexistence among the both.

Although the major issue of opposition among the two had been on the question of representation which finally led to partition in the long run.

The period between 1919-20s saw the most harmonious period between the two parties which were never visible in the near future.

Important issue which marked the difference was the Hindu Muslim conflict. Hindus and Muslims the two largest communities living in India entered into pitched political battles as a result of the political developments that captured the Indian freedom struggle.

The differences got more furated with the results of general elections and provincial elections held under the British rule .

As the league failed to gather popular support in comparison to the congress this added to the dissatisfaction.

All this ended up, into loss of innocent lives and division of the subcontinent into two dominion

Dense and efficient network of transport and communication: 

(i) We use different material and services in our daily life. Some of these are available in our immediate surroundings while other requirements are met by bringing things from other places. Movement of these goods and services can be over three domains of earth. 

(ii) Today, the world has converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport. 

(iii) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system. 

(iv) Therefore transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other. 

(v) Today India is well linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size diversity, linguistic and socio-cultural plurality.

Four major problems faced by cotton textile mills in India.

1. The yarn in India is produced by small industries and units which largely cater to local markets. Thus, while many spinners export cotton yarn, many garment manufacturers have to import fabric. Therefore, there is a mismatch between the two.

2. Most of the machinery installed in cotton mills are outdated and need to be replaced.

3. Irregular power supply has hampered production.

4. The cotton industry is facing tough competition from the fibre industry. 

Four major problems faced by cotton textile mills in India.

1. The yarn in India is produced by small industries and units which largely cater to local markets. Thus, while many spinners export cotton yarn, many garment manufacturers have to import fabric. Therefore, there is a mismatch between the two.

2. Most of the machinery installed in cotton mills are outdated and need to be replaced.

3. Irregular power supply has hampered production.

4. The cotton industry is facing tough competition from the fibre industry. 

(i) When Indian leaders were arrested, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
(ii) A month later, when Gandhiji himself was arrested, industrial workers attacked police posts, government buildings, law courts and railway stations and all structures that symbolised the British rule.
(iii) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten, and about 100,000 people were arrested.
(iv) To break the deadline between Congress and the government Lord Irwin invited Gandhiji for a peace pact i.e Gandhi-Irwin pact.
(v) Under such a situation Gandhiji decided to call off the movement.

1.Figures or images helped create an image with which people could identify the nation.
2.Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
3.It was with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India was associated with the image oiBharat Mata.
4.This image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who wrote the song ‘Vande Mataram in his novel Anandamath.
5.Then Rabindranath Tagore painted the famous image of Bharat Mata. He was moved by the Swadeshi movement.
6.In this painting Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed divine and spiritual.
7.In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms as it circulated in popular prints and was painted by different artists.
8.Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

Indian folklore:

1.Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
2.Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of the traditional culture, which was corrupted and damaged by outside forces.
3.In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths to revive the folk culture.
4.In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India.

Icons and symbols (flag):

1.During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.
2.It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
3.By 1921, Mahatma Gandhi designed the swaraj flag.
4.It was also again a tricolour (red, green, white) flag and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
5.Carrying the flag holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Reinterpretation of history:

1.The British saw Indians as backward, primitive and incapable of governing themselves.
2.In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievement.
3.They wrote about glorious developments in ancient India in arts and architecture, science and maths, religion and culture, law and philosophy, etc.
4.This glorious time was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised

SUSTAINABLE economic development means that development should take place without damaging the environment and exploitation of resources and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of future generation.

1. It is important for the future generation requirement: We must use non-renewable sources judiciously. They also need extra care as they can pot be renewed. Dependency on non-renewable sources should be reduced.
2. Proper utilization and reducing wastage of resource: It takes care of future needs and may sustain the environment.
3. There is acute shortage or deficiency of some resources: Investing in alternative sources of energy may prove helpful.

ANSWER: Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich
The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.

It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape its destiny.

Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. These are:
(i) Highly skilled and educated workers but in less number e.g., advocates, teachers, technicians etc.
(ii) Unskilled workers but in large number e.g., small shopkeepers, repair persons, transport persons, peddlers, hawkers, footpath vendors etc.