Napoleon became the ruler of France on 2nd december 1804. He established a monarchical political system he was worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the revolution. But at the same time he did not want to ignore them entirely so he introduced some reforms in the administrative system. He tried to make the whole system more rational and efficient. To achieve his goal he took some important steps.

 

These were :

The first was that he introduced Civil Code of 1804 which did away with all privileges based on birth it established equality before the law and secured the right to property .

 

The second one was that his simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

 

The third one was that moreover Guild restrictions were removed, transport and communication system were improved, standardized weights and measures and the common national currency were introduced. By these new policies, peasants, artisans, Walkers and new Businessman were benefited and started to enjoy a new found freedom.

 

Does it can be concluded that Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in administrative field he had incorporated Revolutionary principles.

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Himalaya ke charano mein

Sarovar*

More employment in rural areas can be created by taking following steps:

1. Farmers should diversify agriculture and adopt horticulture, animal rearing, organic farming, pisciculture besides farming.

2. Government should take necessary steps to provide loans to farmers at cheaper rates and from formal sources of credit.

3. Creation of basic infrastructure facilities such as roads, transportation, market and banking will lead to creation of employment opportunities in rural areas.

4. Establishment and promotion of cottage and small scale industries will also increase employment opportunities in rural areas.

The agricultural sector is the largest employer in the Indian economy. It employs nearly 51% of the labour force in India. However, this sector accounts for only about 17% of India’s GDP. The relatively low contribution to GDP despite employing the largest portion of the workforce is due to the low productivity of the agricultural sector. The output of crops like rice and wheat per hectare of land is much less in India than in other countries like the USA, France or China. As a result, even the large workforce cannot produce a very high amount of farm output that can contribute more to GDP. The low productivity of Indian agriculture is, in turn, due to the following reasons. a. The average size of land holdings is very small in India. b. The absence of alternative employment alternatives like manufacturing industries in many parts of rural India causes the small farms to be over-manned disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour. c. The small farms hamper the adoption of modern technology in agriculture that can enhance productivity.

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Nationalism in India - (1918 - 1930)

For locating and labelling / Identification

1. Indian National Congress Sessions: Calcutta (Sep. 1920) Nagpur (Dec. 1920) Madras (1927) Lahore (1929)
2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement (Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)
(i) Champaran (Bihar) - Movement of Indigo Planters
(ii) Kheda (Gujrat) - Peasant Satyagraha
(iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(iv) Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh Incident
(v) Chauri Chaura (U.P.) - Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement
(vi) Dandi (Gujarat) - Civil Disobedience Movement

Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 because: 

• According to Gandhiji , the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. So time has arrived to withdraw cooperation to the British. 
• First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high prices, famines and epidemics made people's life miserable. 
• Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country. 
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians angry which needed to be avenged.
• To restore the status of the ruler of Turkey. 
• To bring Swaraj or Self Rule to India. 
• Mahatma Gandhi declared that the main objectives of the non cooperation movement were : 
• To cripple the British administration and make them realize that they cannot function without the actual support of the Indians. 
• To avenge the wrong done by the Government in Punjab (Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) in a non violent way. 
• To bring about unity among the people. To inculcate a sense of nationalism. 
• To promote khadi and to attain Swaraj.

The three dominant groups of the Habsburg empire were:

a. It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.

b. In Hungary, the Magyar speaking population.

c. In Galicia, the aristocracy that spoke Polish.

  Following are the main reasons parties don't give enough tickets to women:

• It reflects the patriarchal mentality of the Indian society. Most of the political parties think women  should do household chores and they can't contest elections.
• Due to patriarchal Indian society, many political parties fear that they will lose elections if women are given tickets to contest.
• A many male members of the political parties believe if tickets are given to women, steadily the power will go in hands of these women.

(a)

Ans;  A) one-fourth of seat is reserved for women

Major steps that were taken towards decentralisation in 1992 were:

• It was made obligatory to hold elections for choosing members of local governmental institutions
• Seats were reserved for people belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and other backward classes in local bodies.
• One-third of the seats are reserved for women.
• State Election Commission was constituted in the states for holding elections in government bodies.
• It was made mandatory for the State Governments to share powers and revenues with local bodies.

After widespread revolts, not only across the 39 states but also across many other European nations such as France, a Parliament was called to discuss reforms and attempt to draft a constitution for a unified Germany. This was seen as being the best way of stopping the political unrest.

The constitution was completed in March 1849. This would unite the German states as a German Empire headed by a German Emperor.Government would be provided by an elected parliament that represented the populations of all 39 states.This new German Empire would replace the existing Bund.The Crown was offered to Prussia's Frederick William IV.

The Frankfurt Parliament and the attempt to unify Germany through political reform failed.

Frederick William refused to accept the crown because it had not been offered by the other German Princes, stating that he would not "accept a crown from the gutter".By late 1849, the movement for political reform had lost its impetus and the German Princes and the Austrian Emperor were able to regain control of politics in their territories.

a ns wer

Horizontal  Powers Sharing
(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.
(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.
(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.
(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.

Vertical Powers Sharing
(i) In Vertical Division of powers, power can be shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local levels of such government, i.e., it involves higher and lower levels of government.
(ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.
(iii) There is no such concept of checks and balances in the vertical Division because powers are clearly given by the constitution from the higher level to the lower level.
(iv) Vertical division of powers promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

The three-fold distribution of legislative powers:

(a) Union list: Union lists consist of 97 subjects. It includes subjects of National importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency.

(b) State list: State list consists of 65 subjects. It contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.

(c) Concurrent list: Concurrent list consists of 47 subjects It includes subjects of common interest to both such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.

 

(ii) Union Government can make laws on the subjects which are not covered under these lists. The name has been given to such subjects is residuary subjects.

The economic strength of the country depends upon the development of manufacturing industries. 

Manufacturing industries give major boost to agriculture in the following ways. 

• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, but also reduces the dependence of people on agricultural income by providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. 
• Agro industries boost agriculture by increasing its productivity. They depend on raw materials from agricultural sector. 
• The industries sell their products like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, machines and tools to the farmers. The manufacturing industries thus make production process efficient. 
• Industries boost agriculture by transporting the goods produced to various markets. 

Money is used as a medium of exchange because it serves as a common medium through which people can carry out buying and selling. Use of money makes economic activities independent of each other. At the same time, it removes the inconvenience caused by the barter system.

For example, a person wants to sell sugar and buy wheat. He has to look for a person who wants sugar and has wheat to sell. In contrast, if in an economy, where money is used, the person who wants to sell sugar only has to look for a buyer for his sugar. The money which he will get can be used to purchase the wheat or any other commodity in the market. Since, money is used in the exchange process it is called a medium of exchange.f

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• Today, the world has the been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.
• Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system.
• Therefore, transport communication and trade are complementary to each other.
• Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet have been contributing to its economic progress in many ways.
• Transport and communication are the basic arteries of nation’s economy. They link areas of production with consumption agriculture and industry.
• They help in the development of all the economic sectors - primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary.<button aria-label="like this post" title="like this post">
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1.The movements started with the middle class participation in the cities by boycotting the foreign goods, liquor shops picketed,council elections were boycotted except in Madras.Teachers, student's lawyers, headmasters gave up their services. 2.From cities, NCM spread to the countryside. Peasants demanded for the reduction of revenue, abolition of begar & social boycott of oppressive landlords. This movement developed under the Leadership of Baba Ramchandra. 3. Tribal peasants also participated in the NCM. The colonial govt put strict forest laws which affected the livelihood of the tribals. Alluri sitaram raju came to led them. 4.Plantation workers participated the movement with the hope that they would be free to move out of the confined space in which they had been enclosed. 5.Business class people also participated, they refused to trade in foreign goods & finance foreign trade.

a. The middle class group boycotted the foreign goods which helps our local products.
b. The peasants took part with the aim of fulfilling their demand of reduction of the revenue.
c. Plantation workers joined the movement in the belief of getting the right to move inside the plantations for transportation.
d. The Tribal in Andhra Pradesh took part in the movement against the British because of the restrictions imposed by them over their culture and tradition

Democracy produces an accountable government because it provides regular, free and fair elections regularly. Open discussions are held on all major issues and legislations.
Democracy gives its citizens the right to information about the government and its functioning.
Democracy provides a responsive government as it is formed by elected representatives of the people. These representatives discuss the problems of the society and make policies and programmes accordingly. The representatives also ensure that the programmes are implemented.
Democracies follow a constitution, so they are legitimate. The laws of the country are applicable to everyone, even to the government members. Free and fair elections are held in democracies and the people have the power to eliminate parties they are not happy with, in the next election.

(i) Transformation of the world economy : Technology played a major role in all these developments. Railways, steam shipping, telegraph, etc. were important inventions without which it was not possible to imagine the transformation of nineteenth-century world.
(ii) Linking the markets : New investments and improvements in transport: faster railways. lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.
(iii) Impact on the meat trade : Till the 1870s, moat from America was shipped to Europe in the form of live animals which were then slaughtered in Europe. But live animals took up a lot of ship space. Many also died in voyage, fell ill. lost weight or became unfit to eat. So the prices of meat were very high and it was beyond the reacts of the European poor. Due to high price, the demand and production was low. But the invention of refrigerated ships made it possible to transport meat from one region to another.
(iv) Social peace and Imperialism : The refrigerated ships reduced shipping cost and lowered meat prices in Europe. The poor in Europe could now consume a more varied diet. Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country and support for Imperialism abroad.
(v) Colonialism : Technology played very important role in linking the world markets which promoted the sprit of colonialism. 

a. The making of modern Global world was characterised by major discoveries and inventions.

b. Railways, steamships, telegraphs transformed the World.

c. Technological advancements stimulated the process of industrialisation, which expanded production of goods and trade. It also contributed in the growth of railways and further innovations for easy transportation of goods and raw materials.

d. Colonialism also accelerated the process of technological development through development of faster mode of transportation like railways, ships, lighter wagons to easily trade.

e. With increasing population, increased migration mobility on part of the people, further inventions , advancements became inevitable to meet the growing needs.

f. We may also give example of refrigerated ships which made transportation of perishable products like meat over long distances easy.

 

The constraints on American hegemony today are as given below:

(i) Institutional architecture of the American state : There is Presidential form of government in USA. Under this a system of division of powers and checks and balances between the three branches of the government limit the unrestrained and immoderate exercise of America's military power by the executive branch.

(ii) Open nature of American society: There is deep sckepticism regarding the purposes and methods of government in American political culture. This put a constraint on US military action overseas as had happened in case of Vietnamese war.
(iii) NATO: This organisation can moderate the exercise of American power because the US has an enormous interest in keeping the alliance of democracies that follow the market economies alive.

The constraint- i.e., institutional architecture of the American state is expected to get more important in future because the American constitution has not changed much during the last about two hundred years. The features of division of power etc. have remained intact. Nature of the people or the NATO may change in future. So the institutional structure will become more important in future.

1919

Gandhiji launched the Non-cooperation movement of 1921 because: 

• According to Gandhiji , the British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. So time has arrived to withdraw cooperation to the British. 
• First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high prices, famines and epidemics made people's life miserable. 
• Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country. 
• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians angry which needed to be avenged.
• To restore the status of the ruler of Turkey. 
• To bring Swaraj or Self Rule to India. 
• Mahatma Gandhi declared that the main objectives of the non cooperation movement were : 
• To cripple the British administration and make them realize that they cannot function without the actual support of the Indians. 
• To avenge the wrong done by the Government in Punjab (Jallianwala Bagh Massacre) in a non violent way. 
• To bring about unity among the people. To inculcate a sense of nationalism. 
• To promote khadi and to attain Swaraj.

Giuseppe Garibaldi died at Caprera in 1882, where he was interred. Five ships of the Italian Navy have been named after him, including a World War II cruiser and the former flagship, the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Political outcome of democracy:
a. Democracy ensures a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens.
b. In democracy, decision making is based on norms and procedures.
c. Equality before law is the principal outcome of democracy

Economic Outcome:
a. Democracies  can reduce economic disparities.This is because when a country achieves economic growth wealth is equally distributed among all citizens for paving better life.
b. Though the economic growth and development is slow in democracy, it cannot be considered as the worst form of government as it has its own positive factors.
c.Eradication of poverty by Government through programmes and policies are possible only in democracy and not in other forms of non – democratic government

Social outcome of democracy:

a. Democracy provides for the best structure to accommodate such a diversity.
b. Democracy extends political, social economic rights to all transcending all differences.
c. It gives adequate representation to the minorities, by granting them rights and also by means of power sharing. One can give example of reservation policy
d.Democracy also enhances the dignity of individuals by providing them rights , which allows for participation of people.
e. Democracy also mitigates the chances of conflict through compromises and negotiations.
 

With advent of time, the cropping pattern in Punjab, Maharashtra, UP and Tamil Nadu has undergone many changes.
They are:
• Initially the crops were hand planted but now the method used is scatter method.
• Earlier the crops required in-depth labour which gradually changed to the crops requiring less labour.
• The most revolutionary change observed is the use of high yielding variety of seeds, which was absent earlier. 

ANSWER :  Growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement because: Colonisation affected people's freedom. The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people of different groups which resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals.

Nationalism is a feeling that combines all the people of the nation into a single unit. It is a powerful sentiment that binds people together in a common bond beyond their communal, lingual, caste or religious differences. In all the colonies of the world, the imperialist power exploited the people socially, religiously, economically and politically.  Colonization affected people's freedom, and nationalist sentiments surged during the process of struggle against imperial domination. The sense of oppression and exploitation became a common bond for people from different walks of life, and this resulted in the growth of nationalist ideals. Although each class or group of people felt that they were being oppressed under colonialism, the effects of colonialism were felt differently. People started uniting against the colonialism which strengthened the sense of nationalism further. Thus, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to anti-colonial movements.

The business class in India initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. This was because the industrialists and merchants in India had become rich during the First World War. They were keen on expanding their businesses and wanted protection against foreign industries. Many eminent industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla criticised the colonial government for its control over the Indian economy which prevented their growth. They provided financial assistance during the movement, and refused to buy and sell imported goods. Many industrialists began to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business will end. However, towards the end, they became apprehensive of the growing influence of socialism among the younger members of the Congress.

It is not clear written

Which types question will come in board exam.chapter 2 (History).

Map work will come from Nationalism in India in history

Important Sessions of Indian National Congress

This map shows the Important Sessions of Indian National Congress from 1885 to 1947.

Important Centres of Freedom Movement in India

This map shows the important centres of the freedom movement in India from 1857 to 1947.

Unit	Unit Name	Weightage
1	India and The Contemporary World-II	20
2	Contemporary India-II	20
3	Democratic Politics-II	20
4	Understanding Economic Development	20
	Total	80

Type of Questions	Objective Type (1 mark)	SA (3 marks)	LA (5 marks)	Map Skill	Total Marks	Weightage %
Remembering:  Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers.	9	3	1	–	23	29%
Understanding: Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main ideas.	4	2	2	–	20	25%
Applying: Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.	3	1	2	–	16	20%
Analysing and Evaluating: Examine and break information into parts by identifying motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to support generalizations.Present and defend opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria	2	1	1	–	10	12%
Creating: Compile information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions	2	1	–	–	5	6.5%
Map Skills	–	–	–	3+3	6	7.6%
Total	1×20=20	3×8=24	5×6=30	6	80	100%

MNCs source raw material, employ labour and set up production facilities wherever the cost or rate is lowest in order to have economic advantages. They also scale up their production into large volumes in order to attain low cost per unit produced; this is called economic scale of production. The MNCs look to set up base in countries where political, bureaucratic, governmental and other local interference is minimum, the tax system is less stringent and concessions are extended by the local government to encourage industrial growth.