Towards the end of the 19th century, European nationalist movements began to lose their internationalism. This happened because these movements became more focused on strengthening their own nation states even at the cost of antagonising other nations.

(i) Men and women walking across the statue of liberty offering homage.
(ii) Statue of liberty has a torch of enlightenment and Charter of the Rights of Man.
(iii) On the Earth lie the shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions.

Khilafat movement was initiated under the leadership of the two Ali brothers namely Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali-Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohani. The movement was started to support the Sultan of Turkey whom The Muslim population in India considered their religious head.

The Khilafatists had formed a three-point programme

• The Ottoman Caliph: He should retain his empire
• The Caliph must be provided with sufficient territory so as to enable him to defeat the Islamic faith
• The Arab lands that is Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Palestine must stay under the Muslim rule.

On October 17, 1919, throughout “Khilafat Day’ was observed

The Khilafat movement was launched by Muslims in India to persuade the British government and rather not to abolish the caliphate. The leaders of this Khilafat movement accepted the non-cooperation movement of Gandhiji and led a joint protest against the British.

The business class in India initially supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. This was because the industrialists and merchants in India had become rich during the First World War. They were keen on expanding their businesses and wanted protection against foreign industries. Many eminent industrialists such as Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla criticised the colonial government for its control over the Indian economy which prevented their growth. They provided financial assistance during the movement, and refused to buy and sell imported goods. Many industrialists began to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business will end. However, towards the end, they became apprehensive of the growing influence of socialism among the younger members of the Congress.

The following steps have been taken to control price rise.
(i) Monetary Measures: The Reserve Bank of India takes the following monetary measures to control price rise:

It increases the Bank rate; i.e, the rate at which it lends money to the commercial banks. As a corollary, the commercial banks increase the rate of interest while lending money to their customers. The increase in the interest rate curbs the tendency to borrow money and invest the same in speculative ventures.

The increase in the rate of interest on the deposits encourages the consumers to invest their surplus funds. Thereby surplus funds go out of circulation. The tendency to make unnecessary purchases is curbed. This reduces the demand for the goods. The Reserve Bank withdraws surplus funds from the market by selling the government securities. It increases the Cash Reserve Ration and reduces the availability of funds with the commercial banks.

(ii) Fiscal Measures are taken by the government to control price rise. These are: The government reduces the public expenditure, postpones plans involving heavy expenditure and curbs wasteful expenditure. It increases the level of existing taxes and imposes new taxes and thereby reduces spending capacity of the people. It borrows money from the market, private individuals and institutions. Thereby, it curtails excess purchasing power and demand for goods and services.

(iii) Control on investment is a direct step to curb price rise. It encourages productive investments in agricultural and consumer goods industries. Thereby the supply of food grains and consumer goods in increased. At the same time, it discourages speculative investments.

(iv) Price Regulation and Rationing was introduced in India for the first time during the Second World War and continued till 1972, when India became self-sufficient in production of food grains. The price control continues even today. Essential commodities are mad available to the weaker sections through the public distribution system of the society. For this purpose a chain of Fair Price Shops has been set up. The government gives subsidy of food grains, petroleum products and gas to keep prices under control.

(v) Administered Price Mechanism the government has made it obligatory for all the manufacturers to state the MRP (Maximum Retail Price) on their products, which are inclusive of all taxes. Essential Commodities Act, 1955 lays down the level of stocks to be maintained and their display. The traders are required to maintain stock registers. Any disparity between actual stock and that mentioned in stock register attracts punishment.

Chapter 1 Power Sharing

1. With this chapter, we resume the tour of democracy that we started last year.
2. An intelligent sharing of power among a legislature, executive and judiciary is very important to the design of a democracy.
3. We start with two stories from Belgium and Sri Lanka.
4. Both these stories are about how democracies handle demands for power sharing.

Belgium and Sri Lanka:

1. Belgium is a small country in Europe.
2. It has borders with Netherlands, France and Germany.
3. 59% in the Flemish region speaks Dutch.
4. Another 40% people live in Wallonia region and speaks French.
5. Remaining 1% of the Belgians speak Germany.
6. n the capital city Brussels, 80% people speak French while 20% are Dutch – speaking.
7. The minority French – speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
8. This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of the economic development and education much later.
9. The tension between two communities was acuter in Brussels.
10. Like other nations in the south Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse population.
11. The Sinhala speaks are 74% and Tamil speakers are 18%
12. Among Tamils, there are two sub groups, Tamil natives of the country are called “Sri Lankan Tamils”; the rest whose forefathers came from India as a population workers during the colonial period, is called ‘Indian Tamils’.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka:

1. Sri Lankan emerged as an independent country in 1948.
2. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over the government by virtue of their majority.
3. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil.
4. A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism.
5. All these coming measures, coming one after the other, gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
6. As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained over time.
7. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles.
8. But their demand for more autonomy to provinces populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied.
9. The distrust between the two communities turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into CIVIL WAR.
10. The civil war caused a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the country.

Accommodation in Belgium:

1. Belgium recognized the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.
2. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country.
3. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model:
   a. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.
   b. Many powers of the central government have been given to states government of the two of the regions of the country.
   c. Brussels has separated government in which both the communities have equal representation.
   d. Apart from the central and state government, there is a third kind of government. This is community government.
4. In Belgium, the leaders have realized that the unity of the country is possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions.
5. Sri Lanka shows us a contrasting example. It shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance over others and refuses to share power, it can undermine the unity of the country.

Why is power sharing desirable?

1. Thus, two different sets of reasons can be given in favor of power sharing.
2. Firstly, power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.
3. There is a second, deeper reason why power sharing is good for democracy. Power sharing is very spirit of democracy. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with it effects.
4. Let us call the first set of reasons PRUDENTIAL and the second moral.
5. While prudential reasons stress that power sharing will bring out better outcomes, moral reasons emphasizes the very act of the power sharing as valuable.

Forms of power sharing:

1. The idea of power sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power.
2. For a long time, it was believed that all power of a government must reside in one person or group of a person located at one place.
3. One basic principle of power sharing is that people are the source of all political power.
4. In a good democratic government, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society.
5. Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public politics.
6. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy political power should be distributed among as many citizens as possible.

Let us look at some of the most common arrangements that we have or will come across.

1. Power is shared among different organs of the government, such as the legislature, executive, and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of the government placed at the same level to exercise different powers.
2. Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. The division of higher and lower levels of government is called the vertical division of power.
3. Power may also be shared among different social groups, such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ is a good example of this arrangement.
4. Power sharing arrangement can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.

• National parties are some countrywide parties and almost follow similar policies and programmes at the national level.
• Every party in the country has to register with the Election Commission. The Commission offers some special facilities to the large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbol—only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
• Parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the Election Commission for this purpose. That is why these parties are called ‘Recognised Political Parties’.
• The Election Commission has laid down detailed criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a party must get in order to be a recognised party.

Multi-party System: If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming in power either on their own strength or in alliance with others we call it a multi-party system.
Party system is not something, any country can choose. It evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.

• These cannot be changed very quickly.
• India has evolved a multi-party system because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties.
• This system allows for a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
• Such representation strengthens democracy.

National Party

A registered party is recognized as a National Party if it fulfils one of these conditions:

1. It wins 2% of the seats in Lok Sabha from at least 3 States.

2. The party polls 6% of the votes in 4 States and wins 4 Lok Sabha seats in a General Election.

3. The party gets recognition as a State Party in 4 or more States.

State Party

A registered party is recognized as a State Party if it fulfils any one of the following conditions:

1. It wins minimum 3% of the total number of seats or a minimum of 3 seats in the Legislative Assembly.

2. The party wins at least 1 seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allocated to that State.

3. It secures at least 6% of the total valid votes polled in a General Election to a Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly and wins at least 1 Lok Sabha and 2 Legislative Assembly seats in that election.

The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank in the sense that it uses a combination of factors such as health, education and income as indicators of development. It does not rely solely on per capita income, as is the case with the World Bank.

Partisanship is marked by a tendency to take a side and inability to take a balanced view, on an issue. Parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are a part of the society and they involve partisanship.

 The history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because:

• In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century.
• The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. The growth of a British identity meant that Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
• The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland

(i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations comprising modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Crotia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose habitants were called Slavs. A large part was under control of Ottoman Empire.

(ii) The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very Explosive.

(iii) The Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.

(iv) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each-other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others.

(v) Matters were further complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power - Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary, etc., were keen on controlling the hold of other powers over the Balkans and each among them was keen to extend its own control over the area.

1. Introduction 2. What is Development? 3. Sustainable Development 4. Views of Sustainable Development 5. Concept of Sustainable Development 6. Evolution of SD Concept: 7. The pillars of sustainable development 8. Changing Perspective of SD 9. Approaches of Sustainable Development 10. Sustainability principles 11. Multiple Crises and Sustainable Development 12. Conclusion. OUTLINE

Click on the given link for project:

<a data-ved="2ahUKEwiDv9Gd7O_tAhWaAHIKHSWWCAAQFjAPegQIDxAC" href="https://www.slideshare.net/KuldeepMishra15/sustainable-development-53121161" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.slideshare.net/KuldeepMishra15/sustainable-development-53121161&ved=2ahUKEwiDv9Gd7O_tAhWaAHIKHSWWCAAQFjAPegQIDxAC" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sustainable development - SlideShare</a>

1.Statue of liberty is being offered homage by the people passing by the train. The men who travel by train are Americans and Europeans.

2.Statue of liberty is explained. It holds en enlightenment torch in the left hand and on the right hand, it has the Rights of the Man.

3.The symbols associated with the absolutist institutions and its shattered remains are seen.

4.The development path is taken by the people of the world. Peace and prosperity take a major place in the minds of the people.

Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because then the MNCs belonging to the developed countries can set up factories in less-expensive developing nations, and thereby increase profits, with lower manufacturing costs and the same sale price.

In my opinion, the developing countries should demand, in return, for some manner of protection of domestic producers against competition from imports. Also, charges should be levied on MNCs looking to set base in developing nations.

• Political Fragmentation: Like Germany, Italy was also politically fragmented. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia- Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Prince.
• Role ofMazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini made efforts to unite Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society called ‘Young Italy’ for achieving his goal.
• Role of Count Cavour: He was the chief minister who led the movement to unify Italy. He formed a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and defeated the Austrian forces.
• Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi: Garibaldi also formed armed volunteers. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdoms of Two Sicilies and succeeded in driving out the Spanish rulers.
• In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy.

The banks might not be willing to lend certain borrowers  for the following reasons:

(i) Banks require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. Some persons fail to meet these requirements.

(ii) The borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further.

(iii) The banks might not be willing to lend those entrepreneurs who are going to invest in the business with high risks.

The Frankfurt Parliament was convened at the Church of St. Paul in Frankfurt.

Extra explanation:

The Frankfurt Parliament: It was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on 18 May, 1848 in the Church of St. Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to disband on 31 May, 1849.

The future of our planet is in danger. The current types and levels of development are not sustainable as these are over exploiting natural resources and depleting the environment. if the resources continue to be exploited by a few greedy individuals, it would lead to various socio-economic and environmental issues. There is need for sustainable development, that is, current development does not compromise with the needs of the future generations.