The Constitution of 1799, established the Consulate with Napoleon Bonaparte as the First Consul.In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself the Emperor of France and this event marked the end of the French Revolution.

 

He set out to invade and conquer neighbouring countries,dispossessing ruling dynasties of Kings and creating new Kingdoms where he placed members of his family. He reintroduced slavery which was earlier abolished by the Jacobins in 1794. He saw himself as a modernizer of Europe and introduced many laws such as protection of private property, introduced the Napoleonic Code of Laws.

people who had welcomed Napoleon earlier opposed him later because Napoleon was acting like a dictator.. 1) he was so cruel.. 2) he guillotined many peoples.. 3) he followed the policy of severe control and punishment

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for economic development while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability goals, such as the current UN-level Sustainable Development Goals, address the global challenges, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. While the modern concept of sustainable development is yet derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and twentieth-century environmental concerns. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations. It has been suggested that the term 'sustainability' should be viewed as humanity's target goal of human-ecosystem equilibrium, while 'sustainable development' refers to the holistic approach and temporal processes that lead us to the endpoint of sustainability".[1] Modern economies are endeavouring to reconcile ambitious economic development and obligations of preserving natural resources and ecosystems, as the two are usually seen as of conflicting nature. Instead of holding climate changecommitments and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic development, turning and leveraging them into market opportunities will do greater good.[unbalanced opinion?] The economic development brought by such organized principles and practices in an economy is called Managed Sustainable Development (MSD).[attribution needed] The concept of sustainable development has been, and still is, subject to criticism, including the question of what is to be sustained in sustainable development. It has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource, since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to the exhaustion of earth's finite stock;[2]:13 this perspective renders theIndustrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable.[3]:20f[4]:61–67[5]:22f It has also been argued that the meaning of the concept has opportunistically been stretched from 'conservation management' to 'economic development', and that the Brundtland Reportpromoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development, with an ambiguous and insubstantial concept attached as a public relations slogan.

​Evolution and significance of the symbols associated with India's freedom movement.
Need for symbols in general and during Freedom struggle.
Evolution of the symbols over a period of time. (Any two symbols out of the flag, a song, an object like the Charkha, a khadi, a novel, a place a newspaper like Harijan etc. may be selected)

Nationalism mean a feeling

Regional parties

• Manipur Peoples Party (MPP) People's Democratic Alliance (PDA) ...
• Peoples' Resurgence and Justice Alliance (PRAJA)
• North East India Development Party (NEIDP)
• Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha (NMM)
• United Committee Manipur (UCM)
• Naga People's Front (NPF)
• Naga National Party (NNP)
• Kuki National Assembly (KNA)

The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century on account of the growing power of European companies in trade with India. They secured many concessions from local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade. This led to a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly from where local merchants had operated. Exports slowed and local banks here went bankrupt.

S.No Nation state Modern state 1. In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared history In a modern state, centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory 2. It overthrew monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe It was a long process which started in Europe in the 19th century

S.No	Nation state	Modern state
1.	In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared history	In a modern state, centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory
2.	It overthrew monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe	It was a long process which started in Europe in the 19th century

 

Or

 

Nation states emerged after overthrowing monarchy and dynasty rule in Europe. While modern states have been developing since then. Modern states are ruled by a centralised power and authority.

In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared language, traditions and cutoms. In modern states, people speaking different languages, following various traditions and cultures live together. Nations states have now developed as modern states.

LIST OF MAP ITEMS CLASS X (2020-21) A. HISTORY (Outline Political Map of India) Chapter - 3 Nationalism in India – (1918 – 1930) for Locating and Labelling / Identification 1. Indian National Congress Sessions: a. Calcutta (Sep. 1920) b. Nagpur (Dec. 1920) c. Madras (1927) 2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement a. Champaran (Bihar) - Movement of Indigo Planters b. Kheda (Gujarat) - Peasant Satyagrah c. Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha d. Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh Incident e. Chauri Chaura (U.P.) - Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement f. Dandi (Gujarat) - Civil Disobedience Movement B. GEOGRAPHY (Outline Political Map of India) Chapter 1: Resources and Development (Identification only) a. Major soil Types Chapter 3: Water Resources (Locating and Labelling) Dams: a. Salal b. Bhakra Nangal c. Tehri d. Rana Pratap Sagar e. Sardar Sarovar f. Hirakud g. Nagarjuna Sagar h. Tungabhadra Note: The theoretical aspect of chapter ‘Water Resources’ to be assessed in the Periodic Tests only and will not be evaluated in Board Examination. However, the map items of this chapter as listed above will be evaluated in Board Examination. Chapter 4: Agriculture (Identification only) a. Major areas of Rice and Wheat b. Largest / Major producer states of Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Cotton and Jute Chapter 5: Minerals and Energy Resources Minerals (Identification only) a. Iron Ore mines  Mayurbhanj  Durg  Bailadila  Bellary  Kudremukh b. Coal Mines  Raniganj  Bokaro  Talcher  Neyveli c. Oil Fields  Digboi  Naharkatia  Mumbai High  Bassien  Kalol  Ankaleshwar Power Plants (Locating and Labelling only) a. Thermal  Namrup  Singrauli  Ramagundam b. Nuclear  Narora  Kakrapara  Tarapur  Kalpakkam Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries (Locating and Labelling Only) Cotton Textile Industries: a. Mumbai b. Indore c. Surat d. Kanpur e. Coimbatore Iron and Steel Plants: a. Durgapur b. Bokaro c. Jamshedpur d. Bhilai e. Vijaynagar f. Salem Software Technology Parks: a. Noida b. Gandhinagar c. Mumbai d. Pune e. Hyderabad f. Bengaluru g. Chennai h. Thiruvananthapuram Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy Major Ports: (Locating and Labelling) a. Kandla b. Mumbai c. Marmagao d. New Mangalore e. Kochi f. Tuticorin g. Chennai h. Vishakhapatnam i. Paradip j. Haldia International Airports: a. Amritsar (Raja Sansi) b. Delhi (Indira Gandhi International) c. Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji) d. Chennai (Meenam Bakkam) e. Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) f. Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi) Note: Items of Locating and Labelling may also be given for Identification.

Globalisation has resulted in the trade of foreign commodities in domestic countries. Globalisation is the interconnection between counties through the expansion of foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of integrating the home country with foreign countries through the movement of goods, services, investment, technology and people.  With the growing globalisation, Chinese manufacturers are exporting Chinese toys to the Indian economy. In India, toys are sold at a high price. Because of this high price for toys, the Chinese manufacturers have started to export plastic toys to India. It will give a lot of opportunities and openings for domestic consumers to reach out beyond the domestic market. The consumers can choose between Indian and Chinese toys. Chinese toys have become more popular in the Indian markets due to its low price and attractive designs. Thus a large proportion of Indian toys have been substituted with much cheaper Chinese toys. This has also reduced the price of toys in the Indian market.  But the producers are at a loss because of the import of Chinese toys. Producers in India has to compete with the Chinese producers. Even though this greater competition has resulted in the improved standards of the products produced at a lower price, Indian producers are having a tough time competing in the market. The Chinese toys are far better in terms of cost of production and designs.  Thus the excessive import of toys has enabled the Indian buyers to have a wider choice at lower prices. The Chinese toy makers also acquire an opportunity to expand their production and profits. But the Indian producers face losses and many are shutting down their production. 

Evergreen self study

All in one - arihant

Chit fund is an informal source of credit.

Send me important map work of class IX and X

Any legal Change becomes counter productive law when it results adversly. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This had resulted in demat of political opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended.
Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not successful in politics. This law tends to hinder the attainment of a desired goal and results adversely.

But i am not happy with the news as we get bored revising the syllabus again and again. And it will effect our 11th class also

Really happy ??? it reduced a lot of stress.

Ya

Yeah I am agree with tamanna and I am also very happy

I am very happy to see this news ??? I can't explain my happiness

(1) Anti-defection law was introduced to curb the growing trend of elected representatives who changed political party to become minister or to get cash reward. (2) The affidavit requirements was an order passed by supreme Court as a measure to curb the challenge of money and muscle power.

Political parties can itself solve it so no need to worry about them

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was one of the many groups that came into existence to fight for Tamil rights. Formed in 1975 with its base in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka, the group vowed to forma separate state called Tamil Eelam.

Some people think that democracy produces a less effective government. It is true that non-democratic rules are very quick and efficient in decision making and implementation. It is because they do not bother about deliberation in assemblies or worry about majorities. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take place. But because it follows procedures, its decisions may be more acceptable to the people and more effective. Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. A citizen who wants to know if a decision was taken through the correct procedures can find this out. This is not seen in a non-democratic government.

Glacier means a large mass of ice that moves slowly

Glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on mountains or near the poles.

Sustainability can be defined as the practice of maintaining world processes of productivity indefinitely—natural or human-made—by replacing resources used with resources of equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biotic systems.[9] Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity ofnatural systems with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by humanity.Sustainability Science is the study of the concepts of sustainable development and environmental science. There is an additional focus on the present generations' responsibility to regenerate, maintain and improve planetary resources for use by future generations.[10]:3–8 Sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest managementwhich were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.[11][8]:6–16 In response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in England, John Evelynargued that "sowing and planting of trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stop the destructiveover- exploitation of natural resources" in his 1662 essay Sylva. In 1713 Hans Carl von Carlowitz, a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony published Sylvicultura economics, a 400-page work on forestry. Building upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, von Carlowitz developed the concept of managing forests for sustained yield.[11] His work influenced others, includingAlexander von Humboldt and Georg Ludwig Hartig, eventually leading to the development of a science of forestry. This, in turn, influenced people like Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the US Forest Service, whose approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use of resources, and Aldo Leopold whose land ethic was influential in the development of the environmental movement in the 1960s.[11][8] Following the publication of Rachel Carson'sSilent Spring in 1962, the developing environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic growth and development and environmental degradation. Kenneth E. Boulding in his influential 1966 essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth identified the need for the economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of resources.[8] Another milestone was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that popularized the term "tragedy of the commons".[12] One of the first uses of the term sustainable in the contemporary sense was by the Club of Romein 1972 in its classic report on the Limits to Growth, written by a group of scientists led byDennis and Donella Meadows of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. Describing the desirable "state of global equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are searching for a model output that represents a world system that is sustainable without sudden and uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of all of its people."[10] That year also saw the publication of the influential A Blueprint for Survival book.[13][14] Following the Club of Rome report, an MITresearch group prepared ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its Implication for the Future" (Roundtable Press, 1973)[15] for the US Congress, the first hearings ever held on sustainable development. William Flynn Martin, David Dodson Gray, and Elizabeth Gray prepared the hearings under the Chairmanship of Congressman John Dingell.[16] In 1980 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature published a world conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable development as a global priority[17] and introduced the term "sustainable development".[18]:4 Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for Nature raised five principles of conservationby which human conduct affecting nature is to be guided and judged.[19] In 1987 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development released the report Our Common Future, commonly called the Brundtland Report. The report included what is now one of the most widely recognised definitions of sustainable development

Sustainable development is the prudent and judicious use of resources in such a way that even future generations are able to use it.

Sustainable development is essential for economic development as we have limited quantity of resources. Firstly, the development and growth of the country will be hampered if the present limited resources are totally exhausted.

Secondly, the exhaustion of natural resources will endanger the lives of humans and many species if we do not follow the principle of sustainable development. For example, if water is overutilised and wasted, then it will not be replenished by the rains. We need to keep the stock of natural resources for future use too.

Thanks yogita

The Nehru Report had the primary motive of assigning Dominion status to India within the British Commonwealth.

The major components of the Nehru Report are:

1. Bill of Rights
2. Assigning Equal rights to men and women as citizens
3. Formation of a federal form of government with residuary powers in the hands of Centre
4. Proposal for the creation of Supreme Court

Sunidhi sharma, active and enthusiastic students

Here is a question for both who asked the question and who replied it What do you observe in our replies

✋✋✋✋✋✋✋✋✋

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The events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement include: 

(i) Arrival of Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report. 

(ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929.

(iii) Lahore session of Congress in 1929. 

(iv) Nehru report in respect of Indian Constitution. 

(v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in antiSimon Commission agitation.                                                    Industrialists supported this movement because: During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

• The Balkan region comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,Macedonia,Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, and its inhabitants were broadly called Slavs.
• With a large area of Balkan region under the Ottoman Empire, the spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with the breaking up of the Ottoman Empire made the situation even more serious.
•  The Ottoman Empire had not been able to become strong even after reforms and modern methods after an effort of nearly 91.00 years. Gradually, most of the European subject nationalities broke away from the Ottoman Empire’s control to declare themselves independent.
•  The claim for independence and political rights by the Balkan people was based on nationality. They gave examples of history to prove that they had once been independent but had subsequently been subjugated by foreign powers.
•  Thus the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as attempts to win back their long lost independence.
•  Soon various Slavic nationalities were struggling to define their identity and independence making Balkans region one having intense conflict.
• The internal rivalries and jealousies made the Balkan states distrust and fear each other.
• As the Balkans had become site for big power fights, the situation became even more serious. The fights were among the European powers who fought for trade and colonies and for naval and military powers.
• Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary wanted to gain control of the Balkan region causing many wars which culminated in the First World War.

Balkan region was a source of tension because of the following reasons: (1) It was a region of geographical, ethnic variation comprising Romania, Bulgaria, etc:and its inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. (2) Large part of Balkans was under the Ottoman Empire and the disintegration of which created an explosive situation. One by one its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence. (3) Balkan peoples based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history to prove that they were independent but subsequently subjugated. (4) The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other & hoped to gain territory. (5) Matters complicated because of intense rivalry among European powers over Trade & colonies as well as naval and military might. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war. (6) Spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism.

that's the point

Great said

In horizontal power-sharing all the government organs work at the same level, to serve different purposes. In contrast, in a vertical power-sharing arrangement, all the units and subunits at different level work for a common goal.

HORIZONTAL DIVISION OF POWER

(i) Horizontal Division of powers is such a power sharing arrangement in which power is shared , among different organs of government as, legislature, executive and judiciary.

(ii) In horizontal division of powers, different organs of government exercise different powers, i.e., there is a concept of separation of powers.

(iii) Horizontal distribution specifies the concept of checks and balances in order to check the exercises of unlimited powers of the organs.

(iv) Horizontal distribution of power ensures the concept of the expansion of democracy.

VERTACAL DIVISION OF POWER

(i) In Vertical Division of powers, power can be shared among governments at different levels like union, state and local levels of such government, i.e., it involves higher and lower levels of government.

(ii) Whereas, in vertical division of powers, constitution clearly lays down the powers of different levels of government.

(iii) But, there is no such concept of checks and balances in the vertical Division because powers are clearly given by the constitution from the higher level to the lower level.

(iv) Vertical division of powers promotes the concept of deepening of democracy.

In horizontal form of power sharing power is shared among different organs *each level keeps an eye on another * legislative ,judiciary, executive In vertical form of power sharing power is shared among different levels * usually called federal government *union government, state government

The Jacobin Club was formed by Maximilian Robespierre. One of the influential political clubs that formed by Maximilian Robespierre during the French revolution was the Jacobins club. They were considered to be the radical revolutionaries who planned the rise of the French revolution and the downfall of the King. Jacobin is sometimes used in the UK as a pejorative for radical, left-wing revolutionary politics.

The measures are taken by him follow:

• Formation of political clubs.
• Members of the Jacobin Club.
• All citizens got the right to vote.
• Declaration of France as a Republic. ETC
• All properties of Churches, the nobility were taken by state and distributed amongst farmers.

Thanks yogita Ingle for answering my questions. Hope you can answer examiner's questions in final exam also ???

Development refers to progress or improvement in life style. Important aspects of development are :
(i) Different persons can have different developmental goals.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for others.