Reflection of light is the phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same medium on striking the surface of any object.

•   The two laws of reflection are:

         (i) the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal (at the point of incidence), all lie in the same plane.

         (ii) the angle of reflection (<i>r</i>) is always equal to the angle of incidence (<i>i</i>)

                  ∠<i>r</i> = ∠<i>i</i>

Plants excrete their waste products in the following ways:

1. Main waste products are CO₂, H₂O and O₂ in which water and gaseous waste products are released through stomata and lenticels.
2. Many plants store wastes in the form of resins and gums.
3. Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.

When we say refractive index of diamond is 2.42, it means light is travelling from rarer to denser medium, and speed of light in air (vacuum) is 2.42 times the speed of light in diamond.

World TB Day, 25 March, raise public awareness and to step up efforts to end the global TB epidemic.

percentage decrease in acceleration due to gravity is 2%

acceleration due to gravity of earth depends on height from its surface.

g = g0/(1 + h/r)²

given, h = 64 km, radius of the earth, r = 6400 km

so, g = g0/(1 + 64/6400)² = g0/(1 + 0.01)²

⇒g =g0/(1.01)²

decrease in g, ∆g = g0 - g

= g0 - g0/(1.01)²

= g0[ (1.01² - 1)/(1.01)² ]

now percentage change in acceleration due to gravity, ∆g/g0 × 100 = (1.01² - 1)/(1.01)² × 100 = 1.97 % ≈ 2%

In between two elements X and Y,there are six elements which have similar properties and obey Newlands of law of octaves.

Ethene means C2H4 and it is an alkene. The total number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethene will be 6 ( one sigma bond and one pi bond between the two carbon atoms and 4 hydrogen atoms remain attached to the two carbon atoms by 4 sigma bonds ) 

CH₂​ = CH_2​

Calcination is the process of heating the ore below its melting point an absence of air to remove volatile impurities like arsenic etc.

A n s w e r :  formula of ethanoic acidCH₃COOH.
Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is a colourless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃COOH. When undiluted, it is sometimes called glacial acetic acid. 

1. The molecular formula of Benzene is C₆H₆.
The structure of Benzene is :-


 2.

The first person to actually isolate and note the presence of these noble gases was Henry Cavendish.

He removed all the nitrogen and oxygen chemically from a receptacle containing air. The nitrogen was oxidised to NO₂ by electric discharges and absorbed by a sodium hydroxide solution. Remaining oxygen was removed from the mixture by a special adsorber. 1/120 of the gas volume remained unreacted in the receptacle. As we know today, this must have been mainly argon (99.8%) and traces (0.2%) of other noble gases.

Two reasons for late discoveries of noble gases are:

1. They are present in extremely low concentrations in our environment.

2. They are very inert.

2. Phenotype of F1 generation: Pea plants with green and inflated pods. A genotype of F1 generation: GgIi Artificial cross-pollination has occurred to produce the F₁ generation

The Blue Revolution is an initiative taken by the government for the growth of the aquaculture industry. It started in China as it accounts for around two-thirds of the total aquaculture production worldwide.

Recently, the aquaculture industry has been growing at an average rate of 9% a year and India is one of the fastest growers. The Neel Kranti Mission was the start of the Blue Revolution in India with the vision to achieve the economic prosperity of India keeping in view the sustainability, bio-security, and environmental concerns.

The objectives of the mission also known as the Blue Revolution are mentioned below:

1. Completely tapping the total fish potential of India on both islands as well as in the marine sector and to triple the production by the year 2020.
2. Transforming the fisheries sector into a modern industry through the utilization of new technologies and processes.
3. Doubling the income of the fishers through increased productivity and improving the post-harvest marketing infrastructure including e-commerce, technologies, and global best innovators.
4. To ensure the active participation of the fishers and the fish farmers in income enhancement.
5. Tripling the export earnings by the year 2020 with a major focus on the benefits covering the institutional mechanisms.
6. Developing the nutritional and food security of the nation.

he Blue Revolution in India was launched during the 7th Five Year Plan (1985-1990) during the sponsorship of the Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) by the Central Government of India. Later, during the 8th Five Year Plan (1992-97), the Intensive Marine Fisheries Program was launched, and eventually, the fishing harbours in Vishakhapatnam, Kochi, Tuticorin, Porbandar, and Port Blair were also established over the time.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare along with the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries planned to restructure this scheme along with the other ongoing schemes by merging it under a single umbrella of ‘Blue Revolution’. This scheme focused on the development and management of fisheries controlled by the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB).

The components that are included under the Blue Revolution Schemes are :

• National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) and its activities
• Strengthening of Database & Geographical Information System of the Fisheries Sector
• Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
• National Scheme of Welfare of Fishermen
• Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure and Post-Harvest Operations
• Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) and other need-based Interventions
• Institutional Arrangement for the Fisheries Sector

Fuse should be placed on live wire because the live wire has the higher voltage. If the live wire is damaged inside the appliance and a large current is created, then the fuse needs to be in this part of the circuit so that it can blow. If the fuse was on neutral wire and a fault occurred on the line, then the fuse would not be in the circuit to blow off.

The mechanism of urine formation involves the following steps:

Glomerular Filteration

Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus where blood is filtered. This process occurs across the three layers- epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, and a membrane between these two layers.

Blood is filtered in such a way that all the constituents of the plasma reach the Bowman’s capsule, except proteins. Therefore, this process is known as ultrafiltration.

Reabsorption

Around 99 percent of the filtrate obtained is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This is known as reabsorption. This is achieved by active and passive transport.

Secretion

The next step in urine formation is the tubular secretion. Here, tubular cells secrete substances like hydrogen ion, potassium ion, etc into the filtrate. By this process, the ionic, acid-base and the balance of other body fluids are maintained. The secreted ions combine with the filtrate and form urine. The urine passes out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct.

Urine

The urine produced is 95% water and 5% nitrogenous wastes. Wastes such as urea, ammonia, creatinine are excreted in the urine. Apart from these, the potassium, sodium and calcium ions are also excreted.

Chlorophyll is remarkably similar in structure to haemoglobin which is defined as the oxygen carrying pigment found in the red blood cells of mammals and other vertebrates. Therefore, the metallic element present in chlorophyll is magnesium (Mg).

Brine is a solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water or one can say Brine is salt solutions ranging from about 3.5% up to about 26%. It is obtained by mixing of salts with water. Brine is a common fluid used in large refrigeration installations for the transport of heat from place to place.

• The process is termed as the chlor-alkali process. The term chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
• Chlorine gas is given off at the anode,
• Hydrogen gas is given off at the cathode.
• Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the cathode.
• The reaction that takes place is as follows:

Bee stings are acidic in nature, which is why a household remedy for a bee sting is baking soda or sodium bicarbonate, which is a basic substance. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) is used as an antacid because it neutralises excess acid present in the stomach. It reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, which is used in fire extinguishers.

Tooth decay causes enamel and dentine to gradually weaken. It begins when acids are formed by bacteria acting on sugars that soften or demineralize the enamel. Bacteria in the mouth create acids after eating through the oxidation of sugar and food particles in the mouth. Tooth decay starts when the mouth’s pH is below 5.5.

Several interconnected food chains form a food web. A food web is similar to a food chain but the food web is comparatively larger than a food chain. Occasionally, a single organism is consumed by many predators or it consumes several other organisms. Due to this, many trophic levels get interconnected, and the food chain fails to showcase the flow of energy in the right way. But, the food web is able to show the proper representation of energy flow, as it displays the interactions between different organisms.

When there are more cross interactions between different food chains, the food web gets more complex. This complexity in a food web leads to a more sustainable ecosystem.

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide have to be transported by the blood, therefore, the heart has different chambers to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from mixing with the blood-containing carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide-rich blood has to reach the lungs for the carbon dioxide to be removed, and the oxygenated blood from the lungs has to be brought back to the heart. This oxygen-rich blood is then pumped to the rest of the body.

 Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium. The left atrium relaxes when it is collecting this blood. It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, relaxes, so that the blood is transferred to it. When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body.

 De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber on the right, the right atrium, as it relaxes. As the right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates. This transfers blood to the right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.