The relationship between the peasants and the nobles in Russia was given a term “Serfdom”.

In the 19^th century, the Serfdom was hardly efficient, as the nobles and the serfs had little incentives to improve the lands.

However, it was politically effective since the nobles hardly challenged the Tsar due to the fear of provoking an uprising of the peasants.

There were many revolts for abolishing the serfdom, but the Russian state continued to support the Serfdom due to military conscription.

Serfdom was finally abolished in 1861, but it came with terms that were not very favorable with the peasants.

• Largest part of Northern Plains in India is made up of deposits of old alluvium soils know as Bhangar.

• Bhangar is above the flood levels of rivers and presents a terrace like structure.

• Bhangar is full of kankars and calcareous structures

• Bhangar is not very fertile

• The area in northern plains that lies below flood levels is made up of Khadar which is new alluvium soil

• Khadar is younger alluvium as flood waters deposit new layers every year

• Khadar is very fertile and ideal for intensive cultivation

Autocratic rule of Tsars: In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. He fought a number of wars to expand his empire in the north and west in Europe. He had borne the expenditure of war by taxing the common people of Russia.
Conditions of peasants: Majority of the Russians were agriculturalists. Major part of the land was owned by nobles and clergy and these peasants worked as farmers on daily wages. They were paid less and worked more and sometimes under debt, they were not even paid wages.
Status of industries: Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside crafts workshops. Foreign investment in industries increased with the extension of Russia’s railway network.
Conditions of workers in the industries: Most industries were owned by private industrialists. Though the government supervised factories’ working hours and wages of the workers, but still rules were broken. Women workers were also paid less than men. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment and financial hardships. ,
Formation of socialist parties: All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists, who respected Marxist ideas. But because of government policies, it had to operate secretly as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes.

1. After the emergence of the new democratic south africa, black leaders appealed to fellow blacks to forgive the whites for the atrocites they had commited while they are in power.
2. They said let us build a new south africa based on equality of all races and men and women, on democratic values, social justice and human rights.
3. The party that ruled through opperession and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom struggle sat together to draw up a common constitution.
4. After two years of discussion and debate they came out with one of the finest constitution the world has ever had.
5. This constitution gave to its citizen the most extensive rights available in any country.

There are 20 river basins / draining areas, large and small, in India. The Ganga basin is the largest. Narmada river is the fifth largest river and is also the largest west flowing river. Narmada basin has been shown at index 15 in the basin map.

Causes of the First World War

1. Groupism: One of the important and most responsible factor that caused the fierce and most destructive First World War was Groupism. The groupism was started by German chancellor Otto Von Bismarck. He sowed the seeds of the first world war. During that period, Germany, Italy and Austria made triple alliances and England and Japan had hostility between them so, the whole Europe was divided into two blocks: because of that division the doubt and enmity arose among the countries of Europe which finally caused the enormous and destructive World War from European countries.

2. Militarism: The other important factors that caused the world war was militarism. Both the hostile blocks were in a fear filled with suspicion and hatred against each other. They started to increase the number of armies and developed dangerous weapons as they felt unsecured which also came to be known as the cause of the war.

3. Economic Imperialism: The countries in Europe were in search of a good market to supply their productions after the industrial revolution in Europe. The European countries also wanted to raise their economic status and size of the army and produce harmful weapons. The competition of imperialism and colonialism began in Europe that made the cold relationship among the countries which led the in path of destructive wars because of these reasons.

4. Character of William-II: William II-(The Emperor of Germany) wanted to make Germany a powerful country in the world. His principle was World power of downfall. He wanted to be more powerful than U.K. So, the relationship between Germany and U.K was cold which enriched them to involve in the first world war.

5. Issue of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina (the two Balkan countries) were kept in Austria by the Berlin Convention of 1878 A.D. But, most of the people in Bosnia and Herzegovina were of the Serbian race. Due to these reasons, there was frequent rebellions and revolt against Austria.

6. Problem of Balkan: Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria were under turkey which was called the Ottoman Emperor. These states wanted independence because of the despotic rule of Turkey due to the right of nationalism. Islams made the Christians their victims. So, there was a frequent war to the Balkan region. So, to initiate the first world war, Balkan countries were also responsible.

7. Stern Nationalism and Newspaper: Extreme nationalism was developed by Germany. They had the arrogance that they were the superior race and born to rule the world. Germany and U.K had hatred and France and Germany had enmity. The countries used to publish the false news to provoke the people's spirit against the enemy countries.

National Convention, French Convention Nationale , assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the most critical period of the French Revolution. The National Convention was elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792). The Convention numbered 749 deputies, including businessmen, tradesmen, and many professional men. Among its early acts were the formal abolition of the monarchy (September 21) and the establishment of the republic (September 22).

Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation cause river pollution as growing industries and factories dump their waste chemical water in the rivers and the new age people with new lifestyles are also polluting the rivers by throwing empty food packets and wrappers. A great example and proof of this can be the holy river Ganga.

Yes it's good to have political competition.
1) As democratic government is free form of government so people can choose their representatives.
2) The political competition also some time lead to conflicts
3) The political competition makes easier for the people to choose their own political party.
4) As their is regular election basis so people can choose their own representatives.
5) The political parties which win has the opportunity to run that particular state.
6) because of the political elections the people can make the country developed.

USSR means Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

This was a former country which lasted between 1922 to 1992.

After it’s partition, the country got divided into 14 countries. These countries are Moldova, Estonia,Latvia, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Russia,Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Ukraine.

Unemployment exists when a person, 15 to 59 years of age, is willing to work at acceptable wages, cannot find a job. Such a person is called an unemployed person. The form of unemployment is different in rural and urban areas. In villages, people face seasonal unemployment or disguised unemployment while in large towns and cities, people face educated unemployment.
(i) Voluntary: Some of the unemployed have saved enough money so they can quit unfulfilling jobs. They have the luxury to search until they find just the right opportunity.
(ii) The  workers must move for unrelated reasons. They are unemployed until they find a position in the new town.
(iii) When new workers enter the workforce. That includes students who graduate from high school, college or any higher degree program. They look for a job that fits their new skills and qualifications. That's a primary reason for youth unemployment.
(iv) When job seekers re-enter the workforce. These are people who went through a period in their lives when they stopped looking for work. They could have stopped working to raise children, get married or care for elderly relatives. These four situations are an unavoidable part of the job search process. The good news is that frictional unemployment is usually voluntary and short-term.

Educated unemployment usually occurs in cities where there are educated or skilled people but no job oppurtunities. Hence what was an asset for the country turns into a liability. This increases the burden of production on the employed people and also reduces economy.