The conditions of workers were as follows:
(i) Workers were a divided social group. Some had strong links with the villages from which they came. Others had settled in cities permanently.
(ii) Most industry was the private property of industrialists. Government supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work. But factory inspectors could not prevent rules being broken. In craft units and small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours, compared with 10 or 12 hours in factories.
(iii) They were not allowed to form their trade unions. Workers were divided by skill among different social groups.
(iv) Their accommodation varied from rooms to dormitories. They slept in shifts and could not keep their families with them.

Hitler’s ideology was related to the geopolitical concept of living space. He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement. This would enhance the area of the mother country and it would also enhance the material resources and power of the German nation.

(i) Socialists were against private property. They saw it as the root of all social evils.
(ii) Socialists favoured society as a whole rather than single individually owned property, more attention would be  paid to collective social interests.
(iii) Marx said that in capitalism, factories were owned by the capitalists and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
(iv) But the workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.
(v) Marx suggested that to free themselves from the capitalist exploitation, the workers had to the construct a radically socialist society. In a socialist society, all property was socially controlled.
(vi) Marx believed that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists and there should be 'dictatorship of the proletariat'. This communist society is the natural society of the future. To coordinate their efforts, Socialists formed the international body, viz, the 'Second International.'  

Following are the achievements of government of India in improvement in health status of people after 1947 :

1. Increase in the number of hospitals,dispensaries etc.
2. Increase in the number of doctors and the establishment of medical colleges in every state .
3. Improvement in the machinery in the hospitals.
4. Invention of newer drugs through scientific research etc.
5. Through various programmes lowered the infant and maternal mortality rate.
6. Improved the health status of poor people through food security,pds etc.

Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and spent his youth in poverty. He served in the army during the First World War where he rose through the ranks. He was furious at various sanctions imposed on Germany through the Versailles Treaty. In 1919, he joined a small group called the German Workers’ Party. Subsequently, Hitler took over the organization and renamed it the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party. This came to be known as the Nazi Party. In 1923, Hitler made an unsuccessful bid to capture power at Berlin. He was arrested, tried for treason and later released. Till early 1930, the Nazis could not mobilize popular support. The Nazi Party got about 2.6% votes in 1928 but emerged as the largest party; with 37% votes; in 1932. Hitler was a powerful orator. He could sway the masses with his powerful words. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was offered the Chancellorship by President Hindenburg. It was the highest position in the cabinet of ministers. After acquiring power, Hitler began to dismantle the structures of democratic rule. The famous Enabling Act was passed on 3 March 1933. This Act gave all powers to Hitler and established dictatorship in Germany.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

1. The lengthiest Constitution in the world : The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest and the most detailed of all the written Constitutions of the world containing 449 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 Amendments.

2. Parliamentary form of Government : The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of a government both at the Centre and the State. The essence of the parliamentary government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The president is the constitutional head of the State but the real executive power is vested in the council of ministers whose head is the Prime Minister.

3. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility : It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federations which had led political scientists to classify federal Constitution as rigid.

4. Fundamental Rights : The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.

5. Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP) : The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, it set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country.
6. A federation with strong centralising tendency : The most remarkable feature of the Indian Constitution is that being a federal Constitution it acquires a unitary character during the time of emergency. During the proclamation of emergency the normal distribution of powers between Centre and State undergoes a vital change. The union parliament is empower to legislate on any subject mentioned in the state list. The financial arrangements between the Centre and State can also be altered by the Union Government.

7. Adult Suffrage : The old system of communal electorates has been abolished and the uniform adult suffrage system has been adopted. Under the Indian Constitution every man and women above 18 years of age has been given the right to elect representatives for the legislature. 
 
8. An Independent Judiciary: An independent and impartial judiciary with power of judicial review has been established under the Constitution of India. It is a custodian right of citizens. Besides, in a federal Constitution it plays another significant role of determining the limits of power of the Centre and States.

9. A Secular State : A Secular State has no religion of its own as recognised religion of State. It treats all religions equally. Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution give concrete shape to this concept of secularism. It guarantees to every person the freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion. In a Secular state, the state only regulate the relationship between man and man.

10. Single Citizenship : The American constitution provides for dual citizenship, i.e., the citizen of America and a state citizenship. But in India there is only one citizenship, i.e., Citizen of India. No state citizenship like citizen of Assam, Citizen of Delhi. Every Indian is Citizen of India and enjoy the same rights of citizenship no matter in what state he resides.

Hitler made the following promises:
(i) He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
(ii) He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth.
(iii) He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.

• The clergy and the nobility led a luxurious life and enjoyed many privileges by birth. While the peasants and the labourers lived very hard life.They had to pay heavy taxes.
• Louis XVI spent lots of money on luxurious living and wasteful festivities. The high posts were generally auctioned which caused inefficiency in the administration.
• Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. To meet the expenses,the state was forced to increase taxes that also irked the people of France.
• Louis XVI called together an assembly os Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes.This proved to be immediate cause of the French revolution.

Environmental pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have harmful effects on plants , animals and human beings. Pollutant is an undesirable matter present in excess in the environment.
Atmospheric pollution is defined as the presence of a contaminant in the atmosphere in a concentration large enough to injure human, plant and animal life. The presence of gaseous pollutants such as oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon, hydrocarbons and particulate pollutants such as dust, smoke, mist spray and fume causes air pollution.
Heating of the earth and its environment due to radiation of the Sun trapped by carbon dioxide and water vapors in the atmosphere is called green house effects. It causes global warming.
 

A democratic country needs a constitution because:

1. A constitution puts down certain principles that form the basis of the kind of country that we as citizens, desire to live in.
2. A Constitution tells us the fundamental nature of our society.
3. A Constitution helps serve as a set of rules and principles that all persons in a country can agree upon as the basis of the way in which they want the country to be governed.
4. The constitution also spells out the ideals the citizens believe that their country should uphold.

Labour refers to do physical work. The efforts of human beings to perform a particular task and to produce goods and services. For example digging field, carrying loads, working in factories etc. Labour includes both physical efforts covering from paddler to doctor , engineer to teacher , managers to professors , cooks to waiters etc.

The April Theses were first announced in a speech in two meetings on 16 April 1917 (4 April according to the old Russian Calendar), basing itself on Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution. They were subsequently published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda. In the Theses,
1) Lenin Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear."
2) He condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensive" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for revolutionary defeatism.
3) Asserts that Russia is passing from the first stage of the revolution—which, owing to the insufficient class consciousness and organization of the proletariat, placed power in the hands of the bourgeoisie—to its second stage, which must place power in the hands of the proletariat and the poorest sections of the peasants.
4 )Recognizes that the Bolsheviks are a minority in most of the soviets against a 'block of all the petty-bourgeois opportunist elements, from the Social-Cadets and the Socialist Revolutionaries down to the Organizing Committee
5 )Calls for abolition of the police, the army, and the bureaucracy and the salaries of all officials, all of whom are elective and displace-able at any time, not to exceed the average wage of a competent worker.