The slave trade began in the 17th  century. The Caribbean colonies like Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo were the suppliers of tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. The Europeans were not too willing to go to an unfamiliar land that was so far away from their home. This resulted in the shortage of workers in the plantations. This problem was solved by a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America. From Bordeaux or Nantes the French merchants went to Africa, bought slaves from the local chieftains and sent them to the Caribbean, across the Atlantic, to be sold to the plantation owners. This helped them to meet the demand for sugar, coffee and tobacco in Europe. This flourishing slave trade resulted in the economic prosperity of the port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes.
Though the National Assembly held debates and discussions on the abolition of slavery, it did not make any law fearing opposition from the businessmen, whose income depended on slave trade. It was in 1794 that the Convention passed a law to free all slaves in French overseas possessions. But this lasted only for 10 years because when Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor of France in 1804, he reintroduced slavery. In 1848, Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies.

1. The French Revolution gave the term nation its modern meaning.
2. The French soldier carried with them the idea of liberty and equality.
3. The French Revolution motivated and inspired the revolutionary movement of the former French colony of Haiti.

The poverty line is estimated in India in following ways:

Income Method: A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given minimum level necessary to fulfil basic needs.

Consumption Method: A minimum nutrititioal food requirement for survival is estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. The accepted average of calory requirement in India.

Expenditure Method: While determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement, clothing , footwear, fuel, and light , educational and medical requirement etc. Are determined for subsistence.

In order to pass the proposal to raise taxes Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General. On 5 May 1789, 300 representatives from each of the first and second estate and 600 from the third estate, a total 1200 representatives, gathered in a splendid hall for the assembly. Representatives of first and second estates were seated in two rows while representatives of third estate had to stand at the back. Representatives of third estate were educated and more prosperous and they believed to represent the whole people of France. Peasants and labours were not allowed in that assembly; however about 40000 letters regarding their grievances were carried by representatives of third estate.

According to principle of the monarch each estate had one vote. Louis XVI wanted to apply the same practice this time also. But representatives of third estate did not agree on this, they wanted voting assembly as a whole and wanted each of the representatives to have only one vote. Louis XVI rejected this new proposal. As a result, all the representatives of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

1. The lengthiest Constitution in the world : The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest and the most detailed of all the written Constitutions of the world containing 449 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 Amendments.
2. Parliamentary form of Government : The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of a government both at the Centre and the State. The essence of the parliamentary government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The president is the constitutional head of the State but the real executive power is vested in the council of ministers whose head is the Prime Minister.

3. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility : It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federations which had led political scientists to classify federal Constitution as rigid.

4. Fundamental Rights : The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic 
State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.

5. Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP) : The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, it set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country.

6. A federation with strong centralising tendency : The most remarkable feature of the Indian Constitution is that being a federal Constitution it acquires a unitary character during the time of emergency. During the proclamation of emergency the normal distribution of powers between Centre and State undergoes a vital change. The union parliament is empower to legislate on any subject mentioned in the state list. The financial arrangements between the Centre and State can also be altered by the Union Government.

7. Adult Suffrage : The old system of communal electorates has been abolished and the uniform adult suffrage system has been adopted. Under the Indian Constitution every man and women above 18 years of age has been given the right to elect representatives for the legislature. 
 
8. An Independent Judiciary : An independent and impartial judiciary with power of judicial review has been established under the Constitution of India. It is a custodian right of citizens. Besides, in a federal Constitution it plays another significant role of determining the limits of power of the Centre and States.

Features of Indian Constitution are-

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Features of the Indian Constitution

The constitution is a fundamental law of a country that reflects the fundamental principles on which the government of the country is based. In this article, learn some of the interesting features of the Indian Constitution.

The bulkiest constitution of the world

The Indian constitution is one of the bulkiest constitution of the world, comprising of 395 articles, 22 parts and 12 schedules. So far the constitution underwent 100 amendments (28 May, 2015).

Rigidity and flexibility

The Indian constitution is combination of rigidity and flexibility, which means some parts of it can be amended by the Parliament by a simple majority, whereas some parts require a two-third majority as well as not less than one-half of the state legislatures.

Parliamentary system of government

The Indian constitution provides for a parliamentary system of government, i.e., the real executive power rests with the council of ministers and the President is only a nominal ruler (Article 74).

Federal system with a unitary bias

The Indian constitution described India as a 'Union of States' (Article 1), which implies that Indian federation is not the result of any agreement among the units and the units cannot secede from it.

Fundamental rights and fundamental duties

The Indian constitution provides an elaborate list of Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India, which cannot be taken away or abridged by any law made by the states (Article 12–35). Similarly, the constitution also provides a list of 11 duties of the citizens, known as the Fundamental Duties (Article 51A).

Directive principles of state policy

The Indian constitution mentions certain Directive Principles of State Policy(Article 36–51) which that government has to keep in mind while formulating new policy.

Secularism

The constitution makes India a secular state by detaching from religious dogmas (Forty-second Amendment).

Independent judiciary

The constitution provides an independent judiciary (Article 76) which ensures that the government is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and acts as a guardian of the liberties and fundamental rights of the citizens.

Single citizenship

The Indian constitution provides a single citizenship for all the people residing different parts of the country and there is no separate citizenship for the states (Article 5–11).

Bicameral legislatures

The Indian constitution provides a bicameral legislatures at centre consisting of Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and Lok Sabha (House of the People) (Article 79).

Emergency powers

The constitution vests extraordinary powers, known as Emergency Powers in the President during emergencies out of armed rebellion or external aggression or due to failure of constitutional machinery in the state (Article 352–360).

Special provisions for minorities

The constitution makes special provisions for minorities, Scheduled castes, Scheduled Tribes, etc. by granting them certain special rights and provisions.

Basically those are some of the interesting features of Indian constitution. Moreover, the constitution also has many other features such as, Panchayati Raj, Rule of Law, Provisions for Independent Bodies, etc. which are very unique in nature.

• India contributed in the making of world history in many ways.
• Many of the advances in the sciences that we consider today to have been made in Europe were in fact made in India centuries ago.
• India was the motherland Sanskrit which is the mother of Europe's languages.
• The technique of algorithm used in computer science today.
• The concept of zero - on which ultimately rests the binary code which has given us all software including the WWW.
• The earliest recorded use of copperware in India has been around 3000 B.C. the findings at Mohen-jo-daro and Harappa.
• The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700BC.
• The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindh 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.  

●The role of middle class on the onset of French revolution: The peasants and workers had participated in revolts against increasing taxes and food scarcity in the past. But they lacked the means and programmes to carry out full-scale measures that would bring about a change in the social and economic order. This was left to those groups within the third estate( middle class) who had become prosperous and had access to education and new ideas.

●The important role played by the political philosophers in French revolution are : Ideas envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all, were put forward by philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among people through books and newspapers. These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who could not read and write.

By the measures given below, poverty can be reduced in future in India
(i) Attaining sustainable higher economic growth rate.
(ii) By increasing stress on universal free and essential primary education.
(iii) By providing sufficient medical facilities even in the rural areas, so that the population growth rate could be minimised.
(iv) By focussing on empowerment of the women and economically weaker sections of the society.

Vicious Cycle : One bad event results in another negative event, which in turn perpetuates the firstevent and so on; it becomes difficult to identify which is the cause and which is the effect of the cycle. Uneducated parents are unable to invest on education and healthcare of their children. This creates a vicious cycle in which the coming generation is often forced to remain poor.

Yes, it is important to increase the area under irrigation because water is very essential for agriculture. In India, the rainfall is unevenly distributed in the country and if rainfall is less, then production will be low, and they will be only able to grow one crop in a season.   With good irrigation it will be possible to do multiple cropping, helping to increase the yield per hectare.

The Nazis considered themselves as the Nordic Aryan race and were rated at the top, while Jews were at the last rank. Hitler wanted to create and strong German-speaking nation and eliminate all other racial classes. He committed mass murder of Jews and other classes. He reasoned this on Herbert Spencer 's 'Survival of the fittest ' theory. He also claimed that Jews were responsible for the death of Jesus Christ and at the beginning of the second World War he started the mass murder of Jews.