Social conditions in Russia before 1905:
1. In the 19th Century most of the European countries underwent important social and economic changes but Russia was still lagging behind. The czars ruled as absolute Monarchs and the aristocracy was strictly feudal.
2. The condition of the Russian pigeons were deplorable. On the other hand the nobility and the High clergymen enjoyed special privileges and rights. agriculture was dominated by a few rich landlords.
3. Although serfdom was abolished in Russian 1861, the situation did not change. The methods and tools of farming did not improve. The farmer had to pay very high dues for small pieces of land and most of them were under heavy debts.

Robespierre government issued laws placing a maximum cieling on wages and prices.

Meat and bread were rationed.

Peasants were forced to transport their grains to the cities and sell it at the pricesfixed by the government.

The use of more expensive white flour was forbidden;all citezens were required to eat the pain d'egalite,a loaf made of whole wheat.

Equality was also sought to be practiced in speech and address.Instead of traditional Monsieur and Madame all French men and women were henceforth Citiyen and Citoyenne.

Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into barracks or offices.

An important point I missed in the answer:

The nobility and clergy were exempted from paying taxes to the state.

French society was organised into three estates.First and the second estates comprised of clergy and nobility respectively.The third estate consisted of big businessmen,merchants,court officials,lawyers,peasants and artisans,small peasants,landless labour and servants.

The members of the first two estates,that is ,the clergy and nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth.The nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.These included feudal dues,which they extracted from peasants.

The increase in population led to the increase in demand for food grains.Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand.So the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose rapidly.

Most workers were employed as labourers in workshops whose owner fixed their wages.But wages could not keep pace with the rise in prices.So the gap between the rich and the poor widened .

This led to subsistence crises.

(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.

(ii) Transfer land be transferred to the tiller.

(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.

(iv) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

(v)To create a nation where all the citizens would have equal rights.

Constitution of South Africa is known as the rainbow nation constitution.After two years of discussion they gave a constitution to their citizens which gave them most extensive rights available in any country.Together they decided that in the search for a solution to the problems ,nobody should be excluded,no one should be treated as demon.The preamble of the South African Constitution sums up this spirit.

1. The society in France was devided into 3 estates. 1st  estate: the Clergy 2nd  estate: the nobility 3rd  estate: the rest of the population.
2. 90% of the population were peasants. Only clergy, nobility and few rich people of the 3rd  estate owned the land. The rest of the peasants were poor.
3. In the society, the nobility and clergy had some privileges by birth, like, 1. They were not paying most of the taxes. 2. The nobles were collecting feudal dues from the 3rd  estate peasants.
4. The church also was collecting the tax called tithes
5. The state was collecting a direct tax called taille and other indirect taxes from the 3

1. Change of leaders lead to instability.
2. Only political  competition, no scope for morality.
3. Consulting more people leads to delays.
4. Ordinary people don't know that what is good for them.
5. Leads to corruption.

• Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.
• They also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
• They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
• They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
• However, they did not believe in universal adult franchise. They felt men who own property mainly should have the vote. They also did not want the vote for women.

(i) Socialists were against private property. They saw it as the root of all social evils.
(ii) Socialists favoured society as a whole rather than single individually owned property, more attention would be  paid to collective social interests.
(iii) Marx said that in capitalism, factories were owned by the capitalists and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
(iv) But the workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.
(v) Marx suggested that to free themselves from the capitalist exploitation, the workers had to the construct a radically socialist society. In a socialist society, all property was socially controlled.
(vi) Marx believed that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists and there should be 'dictatorship of the proletariat'.
This communist society is the natural society of the future. To coordinate their efforts, Socialists formed the international body, viz, the 'Second International.'  

The Communist International (Comintern), known also as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism . The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to "struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state".

(i) The Russian Revolution put an end to the autocratic Tsarist rule in Russia. It abolished the Romanov dynasty.
(ii) It  led  to   the   establishment  of world's   first communist/socialist government.
(iii) The new Soviet Government announced its with drawl from the First World War.
(iv) The socialist government announced the nationalization of all industries, private lands. Banks, mines, railways, telephones, etc. These were declared as state's property.
(v) Planned economic development started at the time of Stalin. Collectivization of agriculture was introduced by Stalin. From 1929, the party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms.
(vi) Planned economy soon turned the USSR into a powerful industrial nation by the Second World War. Poverty began disappearing from Russia. With the outbreak of World War II, USSR had given socialism a global face.  

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• Equality and liberty were realised by the French people.
• Censorship was abolished.  
• Declaration of freedom of speevh and expression to be natural right.
• Life style and clothes were also changed.

Following points elaborate what circumstances led to the outbreak of the French Revolution:

• Even as the National Assembly was is session in France in 1789, Paris was in the throes of panic and violence.
• Years of repression and injustice had especially left the Parisian mobs volatile towards royalist and machinations to continue the feudal privileges.
• As a result, on July 14, 1789, a rioting mob attacked the Bastille prison in order to obtain weapons.
• They also freed many of the political prisoners in the process.
• This turned out to be the immediate cause of the outbreak of the French Revolution.

The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid. In 1946, the length of the tracks had increased to over 765,000 km. As the railway tracks spread through India, a larger and larger number of trees were felled. As early as the 1850s, in the Madras Presidency alone, 35,000 trees were being cut annually for sleepers. The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities. These contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately. Forests around the railway tracks fast started disappearing.

The rebellion of Bastar in 1910 was caused by a combination of various factors. The moves of the colonial government pave the way for the Bastar rebellion in the following ways:

• The moves included displacement, increased land rent and demands for free labour and goods.
• The most important reason was the attitude of the colonial government which wanted to subjugate the people and destroy their way of living by taking over their lands.
• In 1905,the colonial government proposed the reservation of 2/3rd of the forest area and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
• Those who were allowed to stay in the reserved areas had to work for the forest department.
• The British ultimately put the rebellion down by employing heavy force.

February revolution of 1917 was on of the revolutions which took place in Russia.Its centre was Petrograd .This revolution lead to the armed clashes and the demonstrations against the monarch police.Number of economic and social problems which were compounded by the world war I  lead to the outbreak of this revolution.It lead to the down fall of imperial government

Napoleon's codes (1804) were a set of civil codes that had to be practiced by the French society. The aim of the code was to reform the French society, in areas such as family, property, civil procedure etc.
Established equality before law, Abolished all privileges based on birth, Granted the right to property to French citizens, Simplified administrative divisions, Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom, Removed restrictions on guilds in towns, Improved transport and communication.

• According to lenin the differentiated groups could not all be part of a socialist movement.
• He thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia the party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.