• Born in1769 in the Island of Corsica, Napoleon Bonaparte studied in a military school in Paris.
•  In 1799 he led a coup known as 18 Brumaire and became the First Council. Subsequently, by 1804 he was made Emperor of France.
•  He codified the French law under the name the Napoleonic Code of Law, which gave rights to protect private property and initiated the uniform system of weights and measures. He centralised the government and reinstated Roman Catholicism as the state religion.
•  He was defeated by Nelson, the commander of the British army, in the Battle of the Nile and at the Battle of Trafalgar. The Battle of Waterloo in 1815 was Napoleon’s final defeat by the Duke of Wellington.
•  He was imprisoned in the island of St. Helena where he eventually died in 1821. The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity formed the touchstone of the French Revolution

1) They had to accept the war guilt clause.
2) They were demilitarized to weaken the country.

• Born in1769 in the Island of Corsica, Napoleon Bonaparte studied in a military school in Paris.
• In 1799 he led a coup known as 18 Brumaire and became the First Council. Subsequently, by 1804 he was made Emperor of France.
• He codified the French law under the name the Napoleonic Code of Law, which gave rights to protect private property and initiated the uniform system of weights and measures. He centralised the government and reinstated Roman Catholicism as the state religion.
• He was defeated by Nelson, the commander of the British army, in the Battle of the Nile and at the Battle of Trafalgar. The Battle of Waterloo in 1815 was Napoleon’s final defeat by the Duke of Wellington.
• He was imprisoned in the island of St. Helena where he eventually died in 1821. The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity formed the touchstone of the French Revolution.

There was massive loss of life, especially in the ruling class.  King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette both were beheaded by guillotine and Tsar Nicholas II and the entire Romanov family were shot to death.  Many lesser nobles and pro-government generals were killed in purges during the French Revolution and Russian Revolution.
In both Revolutions,  the indisposed royal families were executed. Tsar Nicholas had abdicated peacefully enough, only wanting the best for his people and his own family. At the end of the Revolution, Tsar Nicholas and his family were arrested first by General Kornilov of the Provisional Government and imprisoned at one of their many palaces in the countryside. Later, the royal family was transferred to a small home in Siberia. When Lenin came in power, the royal family were escorted to the Impatiev House, “House of Special Purpose.” By July 17th 1918, the royal family were crowded in a basement room and then eleven executioners entered and shot each of the members of the family: Tsar Nicholas, Alexandra, Marie, Alexei, Tatiana, Olga, and Anastasia. However, Louis the 16th  family weren't killed as harshly, with only Louis the16th and Marie Antoinette dying, through the guillotine.

i) In many countries, communist parties were formed like the Communist Party of Great Britain.
ii) The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial people to follow their experiment of taking power.
iii) Many non-Russians from outside the USSR, participated in the Conference of the People of East and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern (an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties).
iv) Some received education in USSR’s Communist University of the Workers of the East.
v) By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War II, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.

The ‘Green Revolution’ was introduced in India, in the late 1960s. Indian farmers used it for the production of major food crops like wheat and rice. They made use of the High Yielding Variety seeds, which produced much greater yield than the traditional seeds. However, they needed plenty of water, chemical fertilisers and pesticides to produce best results.

1. The colonies in the Caribbean were important suppliers of tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. However as the Europeans were unwilling to work in distant and unfamiliar lands, it led to a shortage of labor in plantations. This shortage was met by triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and America.
2. The slave trade began in the 17th century when French merchants sailed to the African coasts, where they bought slaves from the local chieftains. These slaves were then branded, shackled and then packed tightly into ships for a 3 month long voyage across the Atlantic to the Caribbean.
3. There they were sold to the plantation workers who used them to meet the growing demands in European markets for sugar, coffee and indigo.
4. Slavery was abolished in France by the Constitution of 1791 but it was not extended to all French subjects including those in the colonies.
5. It was during the Jacobins reign that the Convention abolished slavery in the French colonies in 1794. Napoleon re introduced slavery in France. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.

The Reign of Terror (1793–94) was a period of mass executions by which the Paris-based Jacobins secured power through fear against the province-based Girondists after the French Revolution (1789). The Terror famously used the guillotine to behead victims, including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The Terror grew out of fears that counter-revolutionary forces were threatening the revolution, but soon led to indiscriminant executions of nobles, clergy, and the educated in general, though the majority of victims are thought to have been peasants who denounced each other for personal rather than political reasons. The terror's leader, Maximilien Robespierre, exercised dictatorial powers as head of the Committee of Public Safety until his own beheading. Political stability eluded post-revolutionary France until Napoleon seized power in 1799.

Louix XVI was executed in the guillotine on January 21, 1793. He was executed on grounds of high treason. He had been accused of instigating the invasion of France by the other monarchies of Europe like Austria in order to destroy the Revolution and regain his power.

All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called the judiciary. The judiciary includes all the courts at different levels in a country and consists of the Supreme Court, High Courts and district courts. The supreme court is the top legal organization.

Many of the indian manuscripts and Indian books are found in different parts of the world. We have also found seals which were used by ancient Indus valley civilization in other countries. The spread of knowledge or those revolutionary movements(renaissance) were because of Indian books . So several proofs prove that India had trade relations with other countries.

Condition of Women before the French Revolution:

a. Women were considered to be socially inferior to men, Most women had no access to education. Only the women belonging to the first and second estate, daughters of the nobles and other wealthier class had access to education.
b. Women from the third estates were involved in small jobs, some sold fruits, flowers, some were employed as domestic servants.

Condition of Women after the revolution:

a. Women were not granted political rights and were still considered to be passive citizens.
b. They organised groups, clubs in order to voice their views, demanding equal set of political rights, right to vote.
c. Some efforts were made to improve the conditions of women, like laws were made related to marriage, divorce was legalised, schools were set up , schooling was made compulsory for girls.
d. It was only in 1946, that women were given right to vote.

Estate General was a political body of France to which three classes or estates used to sent their representatives.
5th May, 1789: Louis XVI called an assembly of the Estates General for passing proposals for new taxes.The first and the second estates sent 300 representatives each and the third estate had 600 members.The members of the third estate demanded that the voting must be conducted by the assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote. 20th June, 1789: The third estate declared them as the National Assembly and swore to draft a constitution for France that would limit the powers of the monarch.

It was organised under the leadership of Stalin who became the leader of the party soon after the death of Vladimir Lenin. This plan was introduced in the year 1929. Under this system farms were collected together and done agriculture the bulk of the land and the tools were under the ownership of the cultivised farms. This system was introduced for decreasing the scarcity of food experienced in Russia in the year 1927-1928. The production didn't improve much. But the bad harvest of 1930-1933 made the situation worst. Some agitated farmers protested against it by distroying their farms and cattle they were either deported or exiled. Some farmers were allowed to cultivate indipendently but was treated unsymphathtically.

Constitutional set up of National Assembly:

The powers of the monarch were limited.

The powers were assigned to different institutions-the legis lature,executive and judiciary.

The laws were made by the National Assembly.

The National Assembly was elected by the active citizens.

(i) Limit the power of the Monarch.
(ii) Powers were separated to different institutions - the Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary.
(iii) Constitutional monarchy was introduced.
(iv) Power to make laws to National Assembly.
(v) Citizens were grouped into active and passive citizens i.e. active citizens had right to vote.

Physical features of India are:

1)The Himalayan mountains

2)The Northern Plains

3)The Peninsular Plateau

4)The Indian Desert

5)The Coastal Plains

6)The Islands

Weimar republic was politically fragile,unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship.

The format of proportional representationwas a drawback in achieving a majority by by any one party.

The President had the power to impose emergency,suspend civil rights and rule by decree

Hence people lost confidence in democratic parliamentary system.

1. The system of proportional representation made it difficult for a one party to achieve a majority. This lead to a rule by coalitions.
2. Article 48 gave the President the power to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree.
3. These defects lead to Weimar Republic having twenty different cabinets lasting on an average 239 days. As a result, Weimar Republic was unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship.

The Communist International (Comintern), known also as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism.