• The earth is composed of several plates.
• In the past there was only one huge land mass or the Pangea.
• This Pangea broke up and drifted apart from one another.
• The Gondwana land was the southern part of this Pangea.
• Due to conventional current, this Gondwana land was further broken down and split into several parts.
• One part of this Gondwana, the Indo-Australian plate started drifting towards the North.
• As a result it collided with the Eurasian plate in the North.
• This collision caused the sedimentary deposition of the Tethys to get folded forming the Himalayas.

Biomes are the largest recognizable terrestrial components, or units, of the biosphere . They are distinguished from one another by vegetation and climate. The dominant vegetation, or flora, in each biome supports a collection of animal life, or fauna, characteristic of that particular biome. The biota  of each kind of biome have similar characteristics worldwide. Biomes comprise smaller units called habitats.

The main land of India extends between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E.  The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30'N) passes almost through the middle of the country which divide our country in two part.

The main land of India extends between latitudes 8°4'N and 37°6'N and longitudes 68°7'E and 97°25'E. The Tropic of Cancer (23° 30'N) passes almost through the middle of the country which divide our country in two parts.

Economic Activities:

1. Economic activities lead to an increase in the personal income of the individual.

2. Economic activities contribute to the flow of goods and services in an economy.

3. These add value to the national income.

Non economic activities:

1. Non economic activities do not increase the personal income of an individual.

2. Non economic activities do not contribute to the flow of goods and services in an economy.

3. These do not add any value to the national income.

Youth in Nazi Germany were subjected to intense Nazi ideology (hatred, aggression, violence, etc.) both in and out of school and in youth organisations which they were forced to join.

i. The 10-year-olds had to join 'Jungvolk' and 14-year-olds 'Hitler Youth'.

ii. Children were segregated from 'undesirables', school textbooks were rewritten and racial science introduced to justify Nazi ideas on race.

iii. Children were taught to be loyal, submissive, hate Jews and worship Hitler. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised through various subjects and deceptive use of propaganda.

iv. In youth organisations, youth learnt to glorify aggression, worship war, condemn democracy, and hate the 'undesirables'.

v. At 18 years, they had to join compulsory military service, were recruited into labour service and required to enroll in one of the Nazi organisations.

vi. The Nazi hold on the youth was total and fanatical in its makeup.

Mensheviks:

(i) The Mensheviks represented a minority group under the leadership of Alexander Kerenskii.

(ii) They believed in gradual change and establishment of a parliamentary form of government like that of France and Britain.

(iii) They favoured a party which was open to all and to work within the system.

Bolsheviks:

(i) The Bolsheviks under their leader Lenin constituted a majority of the socialists.

(ii) They wanted to work for Revolution. They favoured a disciplined party, to control the members and quality of its members.

(iii) They wanted to make the party an instrument for bringing about the revolution.

From the very beginning women were active participant in the events which brought about so many important changes in French society.
In order to discuss and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and newspapers.
About sixty women’s club came up in different French Cities. The Society of revolutionary and Republican women was the most famous club.

Lenin headed the Soviet Union till his death in 1924. Joseph Stalin took over the reins from him. There was acute shortage of grain in 1927. The government had fixed the price of grain but the peasants did not want to sell to the government at these prices.
Rich peasants or ‘kulaks’ were raided and grain stocks confiscated. Stalin enforced collectivization of farms as solution to grain shortage.
Peasants were forced to work in collective farms called ‘kolkhoz’ sharing the profits equally.
This was not entirely successful as the production of grain did not increase immediately. In 1930, the Soviet Union faced one of the worst famines in history leaving over 4 million people dead.

• A conflict grew between the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks as Lenin feared that the Provisional Government may set up a dictatorship.
• On 16 October 1917, Lenin persuaded them to accept socialists’ power and appointed a Military Revolutionary Committee under Leon Trotskii to organise the seizure.
• The uprising began on 24 October and Kerensky, the Prime Minister left the city to call troops.
• In a swift response, the Military Revolutionary Committee ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers.
• By nightfall, the city was under the Committee’s control and the ministers had surrendered.
• Uprisings took place in other cities. There was heavy fighting but by December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area.

Jet streams are air currents found in the tropopause which is the transition between troposphere and stratosphere. These are westerly flows which blow south of the Himalayas, all through the year except in summer. The western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country are brought in by this westerly flow. In summer, the subtropical westerly jet stream moves north of the Himalayas with the apparent movement of the sun. An easterly jet stream, called the tropical easterly jet stream blows over peninsular India, approximately over 14°N during the summer months.

Uses of Stone Tools:

• For cutting meat and bones.
• For scraping bark (from trees) and hide (from animals).
• For chopping fruits and roots.
• Some tools were attached to handles; made of wood or bone; to be used as axe or hammer.

South Africa is culturally diverse country one nation made up of many people with 11 different official languages, a multiplicity of tradition and skin tones.It was first called the Rainbow Natio by Nobel Peace laureate Archibishop Desmond Tutu toward the end of the apartheid era.