1. The colonies in the Caribbean-Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo were important supplies of commodities such as tobacco, indigo sugar and coffee.
2. This  was met by slave trade between Europe, Africa and America.
3. The slave trade began in the seventeenth century.
4. French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought slaves from local chieftains.
5. They Exploitation of slave labor made it possible to meet the growing demands in European markets for sugar, coffee  and indigo.
6. It was finally the convention which in the 1794 legislated to free all the slaves in the french over seas possessions.
7. But Ten year later, Napoleon resumed suavely .
8. Plantation owners understood their freedom as including, the right to enslave African Negroes, in pursuit of there economic interests.
9. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in the year, 1884.

a.   French merchants  basically sailed through the ports of Bordeaux and Nantes to African coasts .
b.  Africa which was the main hub  and sold their captives or prisoners of war to European countries.
c. Brazil was the main importer of slaves.

A biosphere reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a label given by UNESCO to help protect the sites. The plan is to promote management, research and education in ecosystem conservation. This includes the 'sustainable use of natural resources'.

The years 1918 and 1919 were a significant period in German history marking important events like the German revolution of 1918, defeat in world war one, abdication of Emperor Wilhelm and the birth of the Weimar republic.
The Weimar Republic, established in 1919, replaced the imperial government and formed a parliament called the Reichstag.
The Weimar signed a peace treaty of Versailles which made things very difficult for the budding republic making them struggle to meet the terms. Socialists, Catholics and Democrats who supported the republic were ridiculed and called the November criminals.

Anthracite:-  it is the highest quality hard coal. it s found in the parts of J&K.
Bituminous :- this coal has been buried deep&subjected to increased temperatures. it is the most popular coal in commercial use.
Lignite :-  it is the low grade brown coal which has high moisture content and is soft in nature. it is found in neyvelli, tamilnadu.
Peat:-   decaying planyts in swamps produce peat, which has low carbon content and high moisture content.

 A form of government in which power is explicitly vested in the people, who in turn exercise their power through elected representatives. Today, the terms republic and democracy are virtually interchangeable, but historically the two differed.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela(born ON 18 July 1918) is aSouth Africananti-apartheid revolutionaryand politician who served asPresident of South Africafrom 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in afully representative, multiracial election. Hisgovernmentfocused on dismantling the legacy ofapartheidthrough tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically anAfrican nationalistanddemocratic socialist, he served as thePresident of the African National Congress(ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was theSecretary General of the Non-Aligned Movementfrom 1998 to 1999.
 

Prison in Guantanamo Bay   About 600 people were secretly picked up by the US forces from all over the world and put in a prison in Guantanamo Bay, an area near Cuba controlled by American Navy. The American government said that they were enemies of the US and linked to the attack on New York on 11 September 2001. In most cases the governments of their countries were not asked or even informed about their imprisonment. Families of prisoners, media or even UN representatives were not allowed to meet them. The US army arrested them, interrogated them and decided whether to keep them there or not. There was no trial before any magistrate in the US. Nor could these prisoners approach courts in their own country. Amnesty Interenational, an interentaional human rights organisation, collected information on the condition of the prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and reported that the prisoners were being tortured in ways that violated the US laws. They were being denied the treatment that even prisoners of war must get as per international treaties. Many prisoners had tried protesting against these conditions by going on a hunger fast. Prisoners were not released even after they were officially declared not guilty. An independent inquiry by the UN supported these findings. The UN Secretary General said that the prison in Guantanamo Bay should be closed down. The US government refused to accept these pleas.

Elections to the first Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946. The elected members drafted the document called the Constitution. The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting in November 1946. Soon after the country was divided into India and Pakistan. The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and that of Pakistan. The Indian Constituent assembly had 299 members. The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949. The constitution only came into effect on January 26, 1950. So Republic Day is celebrated on the 26^th   of January , every year.

The Weimar Republic formed the German Government after the First World War, which Germany lost. The republic faced two kinds of problems:
(i) Economic Crisis The war had been very costly for all concerned. The damage and human casualties, along with post-war depletion of resources, consequent debts and war compensation led to this crisis.Hyperinflation made the German Mark valueless and caused immense hardship to the German people.
(ii) Political Crisis Although the National Assembly framed a democratic Constitution, it was too weak. Proportional representation and Article 48 resulted in the creation of a political crisis and finally the death of the Weimar Republic.  

The Weimar Republic formed the German Government after the First World War, which Germany lost. The republic faced two kinds of problems
(i) Economic Crisis The war had been very costly for all concerned. The damage and human casualties, along with post-war depletion of resources, consequent debts and war compensation led to this crisis.Hyperinflation made the German Mark valueless and caused immense hardship to the German people.  
(ii) Political Crisis Although the National Assembly framed a democratic Constitution, it was too weak. Proportional representation and Article 48 resulted in the creation of a political crisis and finally the death of the Weimar Republic.  

• The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar.
• Important tributaries of Indus are Zaskar, Nubra, Shyoand, Hunza.Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum.
• The river flows forming several gorges.
• Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world.
• A little over a third of basin is located in India in the states of Jammu andKashmir,Himachal pradesh and the Punjab and the rest is in Pakistan.

Farm activities are the ones which are directly done in the fields for the production of crops .For example growing crops in the fields which includes sowing seeds,irrigating the fields etc.

Non-farming activities are the ones which are carried out by the people in rural areas along with the farm activities.For example dairy,small scale manufacturing,etc.