1. the Nazis used language , media to spread their hatred against the Jews. they never used words like killing,murder in their official communication. mass killing of Jews was termed as " special treatment " or " the final solution".
2. Nazis ideas were spread through visual images,films,etc. in the posters the Jews were shown with flowing beards and wearing Kaftans.Propangda films were made to create hatred for Jews.
3. Jews were stereotyped and marked. they were shown as the enemies of the Germans. they were referred as pests or germs.nazism worked on the minds of the people,controlled their emotions and turned them hatred at Jews. Nazis made all efforts to appeal to all the different sections of the population

An ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and smaller organisms that live,feed, reproduce and interact in the same area or environment.

Globally, Russian revolution had a far reaching impact.

Communism:

Russia was the first country to establish a communist state. Soon after the revolution Communist International (Comintern) was formed for promoting revolutions on an international scale. The Revolution led to the formation of communist parties in many countries often with the support of the Comintern.

Socialism:

Despite differences between communists and socialists, after the revolution socialism became one of the most widely held ideologies. Popularity of socialism helped mitigate discrimination based on race, colour and ***.

Democracy:

The Revolution led to redefinition of democracy. Most people began to recognise that for democracy to be real, political rights without social and economic rights were not enough.

Economic Planning:

The idea of state playing an active role in regulating the economy and planning the economy, to improve the conditions of the people gained wide acceptance.

Dignity of Labour:

'He that does not work, neither shall he eat', gained wide acceptance adding a new dignity to labour.

Internationalism:

Socialist ideas also helped in promoting internationalism by emphasising nations think beyond narrow self interests.

Imperialism:

The Russian Revolution hastened the end of imperialism. Russia after the revolution was the first country to openly support the cause of independence of all nations from foreign rule.

Nationalism:

The revolution awakened the peoples of Asia and Africa and infused a new spirit of nationalism in their fight for freedom from the European colonizers.

Division of the World:

The world hence came to be divided into two i.e., Socialists and Capitalists. The revolution gave a call to the workers of the world to unite against capitalist.

• Invading Russia might be Hitler's biggest mistake but there are other important miscalculations.  Some are possibly more egregious than Operation Barbarossa.

• He declared war on the United States, the single greatest industrial power in the world.  The decision borders on the stupid.  One historian says Hitler made this decision in a moment of absent mindedness.  It is ironic that Churchill's greatest Christmas present came from Hitler.  Churchill said once the US was on board he knew Hitler was finished.  Germany declares war on the United States — History.com This Day in History — 12/11/1941  The entire population of the United States, under threat from the Japanese as well, became single minded in their pursuit of victory over both aggressors.  For the first time ever women entered the workforce in huge numbers and proved once and for all they could do a man's work and do it well.  

The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the Bay of Bengal formed by the super confluence of the Ganges, Padma, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers across southern Bangladesh. The seasonally floodedSundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie inland from the mangrove forests on the coastal fringe.

Minimum Support Price (MSP) : It is the pre-announced price at which the government purchases food grains from the farmers in order to create a buffer stock.
The Minimum Support Price is declared by the government every year before the growing season. This provides incentives to the farmers for raising the production of the crops.
The rising Minimum Support Prices of rice and wheat have induced farmers to divert land from the production of coarse grains, the staple food of the poor, to the production of these crops. The rising Minimum Support Prices have raised the maintenance cost of procuring food grains.

The poverty line is estimated in India in following ways:

Income Method: A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given minimum level necessary to fulfil basic needs.

Consumption Method: A minimum nutrititioal food requirement for survival is estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. The accepted average of calory requirement in India.

Expenditure Method: While determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement, clothing , footwear, fuel, and light , educational and medical requirement etc. Are determined for subsistence.

1. Nelson Mandela led the struggle against the Apartheid.
2. Mandela then became president of the ANC executive in 1950 and from 1952, inspired by the values of Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent movement against apartheid.
3. Mandela through non-violent methods gained worldwide respect and was subsequently jailed many times under charges of terrorism.
4. As part of the charge of treason against Mandela, he was then imprisoned in Robben Island in isolation for 18 years between 1964 and 1982.
5. By the time of Mandela’s 70th birthday in 1988, violence against the white rule and supremacy had spread throughout the country.
6. Following the fall of Berlin wall, international sanctions and boycott, forced the South African president De clerk called for free elections.
7. In 1994, South Africa saw the first elections in which all participated and Mandela was elected president of South Africa.
8. The transition from apartheid was peaceful and hardly had any violence due to leadership of Mandela. 

Primary Sector Activities Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming and mining.  
Secondary Sector Activities Include manufacturing and construction.  
Tertiary Sector Activities Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance, etc.

Deforestation means cutting down the trees to a large extent be it forests, any barren land or trees we see on our way to school every day.  Natural forests are being destructed to use the land for cultivation, building houses, factories, logging, making space for cattle grazing, extraction of oil, mining, construction of dams or to obtain wood for making furniture and using it as fuel.

• Deforestation leads to the emission of greenhouse gas.
• Cutting down on trees leads to clearance of forests and so soil erosion occurs.
• Deforestation alters land and so that many of the plants and animals do not survive.
• Deforestation leads to land erosion because the trees maintain the surface of the mountains. The water level of the rivers increases suddenly, causing floods.

The Forest Laws enforced by the British laid many restrictions on the villagers depended on the forests and the tribals alike.
The Forest Act of 1865 was amended in 1875 and the Forest Act of 1875 divided the forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests. The villagers could only collect produce from the village forests and not from the protected or reserved forests. The best forests were categorized as reserved forests and forests under threat of destruction were under the protected forests category. The natives were not allowed to collect forest produce like fire wood, honey, resin from these forests even for domestic use let only for commercial purposes. So, in deed this Act of 1875 was a curse for the native villagers.
The Forest Laws also forbade tribals from collecting forest produce and this was the means of livelihood for most tribals.Not only the adivasis were no match for the British in strength and power, there were no organised struggle protesting environmental issues. During the British, the struggle was localised and so it was put to an end with force.

a.  Russia was part of the triple entente alliance that included Britain and France to fight the triple alliance comprising of Germany,Austria -Hungary and Italy
b.. The war had a devastating effect on Russia, as its army faced heavy casualties, with over 7 million casualties by 1917.
c. The Russian army as they retreated also destroyed crops and buildings to prevent them from the enemy, but it effected the local Russian population, as it led to displacement of over 3 million people in Russia.
d. The war also impacted Russian industry, the supply of industrial goods to Russia  from other countries was also impacted.
e  Many small scale workshops were shut down.

• Palk Strait  is a physical barrier that divides the sea-borders of the Indian subcontinent from Srilanka.
• It is named after Robert Palk, a governor of Madras Presidency during the colonial rule.
• It is the direct link to the Palk Bay that divides the Bay of Bengal (in the north) from Gulf of Mannar (in the south).
• It is a long strait of about 64 to 140 km with several rivers flowing into it.

As per Census 2011,Total population of India reached to 121 crores. It comprises 62.31 crores males and 58.74 crores females.

1. Legislative Functions:The Parliament makes laws on all subjects listed in the Union List. It can also make laws on subjects listed under the Concurrent List. In case there is any conflict or overlapping in the provisions existing in the Union and State enactment, the Union law prevails. In cases when an emergency has been declared, the Union Parliament can also make laws on subjects that fall within the State List.
2. Financial Control: Union Parliament has exclusive powers to provide ways and means through which revenue has to be raised for public services. To that end it imposes taxes and also ensures that the money sanctioned for expenditure to various departments of the government has been spent for the authorized purposes.
3. Providing and exercising control over Cabinet: Our Parliamentary system blends the legislative and the executive organs of the State in as much as the executive power is wielded by a group of Members of the Legislature who command majority in the Lok Sabha.
4. Critical Assessment of the Work of the Cabinet: The Parliament provides the forum through which is ensured that the Cabinet remains in power only as long as it commands majority support in the Lok Sabha which comprises elected representatives of the people. It is one of the most important functions of the Parliament to bring about discussions and critical assessments of the performance of the government departments.
5. Role of opposition: The existence of opposition also ensures that the nation gets to know about the alternative points of view.
6. An organ of information: Parliament is the most powerful organ so far information about the functioning of the government is concerned. The information provided in the Houses is authoritative and Ministers are bound to provide information on matters of government when so desired by the member.

• The political situation that took place after the rise of Weimar Republic can be termed as political radicalism
• The demand and the uprising for Soviet style governance was suppressed by Weimar Republic
• This enraged them to form Communist party
• Both Communists and Socialists longed for radical solution
• This situation was increased by economic crisis in 1923
• Germany had to pay war reparation in gold and its gold reserves were scarce at that period
• When they refused to pay, French occupied Ruhr – the leading industrial region of Germany
• This made Germany to print excess amount of paper currency which in turn worsen the situation into hyper inflation

Hitler wanted to expand his territory by gaining what ever he can, he wanted to expand Germany. He wanted to compete with Russia in terms of size and power.