Dietrich Brandis, a German expert, was appointed the first Inspector-General of Forests in India.
His ideas and achievements for the management of forests are stated in the points below
(i) He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The Imperial Forest Research Institute at Dehradun was founded by him in 1906.
(ii) He set up the Indian Forest Service (IFS) in 1864 and helped to formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.
(iii) He took an interest in the forest flora of North-West and Central India and Indian trees.
(iv) He was among the earliest expert in India to formally link forest protection with local people.

South africa called them rainbow nation because it had both blacks indians and whites staying together and were unite in an nation and rainbow had diffrent colours in it so it is called as rainbow nation.

• The British wanted to control the people of the Maasai tribe. To achieve this aim, they introduced many measures which affected the social structure of the tribe. The chiefs of different Maasai subgroups were appointed by the British. These chiefs were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe. The British placed several restrictions on the traditional Maasai practice of raiding and warfare.
• The chiefs appointed by the colonial government gradually became rich over a period of time as they had regular flow of income which was used by them for purchasing animals, goods and land. They also began to trade in various goods. They managed to survive the effects of wars and droughts.
• However, the common poor pastoralists of the Maasai who mainly depended on the livestock suffered because of the colonial restrictions imposed on grazing. During wars and famines, they mostly lost their cattle. Thus, most of them went to towns looking for work. They worked as construction workers and charcoal burners.
• The Maasai community, thus, came to be divided between the rich and the poor. The distinction between the elders and young Maasai which existed earlier also began to disappear.

The life of poor pastoralists, in Africa, who depended mainly on their livestock, became very difficult in times of war and famine. during these times they lost every thing.
To tide over the bad times the pastoralists had to go looking for work in towns. Some found a living as charcoal burners and others did odd jobs. A few of the pastoralists were lucky to get more regular work in road or building construction.

An election commission is an Independent body responsible for holding free and fair elections in India. To make sure that election commission doesn't act in a partisan manner nor under the influence of legislature or executive branch of the government , there are sufficient provisions that gurantees its independence and makes it powerful.

Representative democracy is a system of government in which all eligible citizens vote on Representatives to pass laws for them. It doesn't represent direct democracy but represents a group of people. It is used to protect the rights of the people. People could also complain to this about the government.

Some of the demerits of electoral competition in India are :

1.It creates a sense of disunity and 'factionalism' in every locality.

2.Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.

3.Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.

4.Some people say that this pressure to win electoral fights does not allow sensible long-term policies to be formulated.

5.Some good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena as they do not like the idea of being dragged into unhealthy competition.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana

(i) Launched in December 2000, it caters to the families below poverty level.

(ii) Under this scheme, one crore of the poorest among the BPL families covered under the targeted public distribution system were identified.

(iii) Twenty-five kilograms of food grains were made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate (Rs 2 per kg for wheat and Rs 3 per kg for rice)

(iv) The quantity of food grains was enhanced from 25 to 35 kgs with effect from April 2002.

(v) The scheme was expanded twice to include a greater number of BPL families. By August 2004, 2 crore families were covered under this scheme.

National Food for Work Programme

(i) Launched in November 2004, it caters to 150 most backward districts of the country.

(ii) Its objective is to intensify the generation of supplementary wage employment.

(iii) Any rural poor in need of wage employment and having the desire to do manual unskilled work can avail of this programme.

(iv) It is a 100 per cent Centrally-sponsored scheme. The food grains are provided to the States free of cost.

(v) The district collector is entrusted with the overall responsibility of planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and supervision.

Both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha are parts of the Indian Parliament. However, the Lok Sabha enjoys greater powers than the Rajya Sabha.

(1) The Lok Sabha consists of directly elected representatives of the people and hence, it is in direct link with the people.

(2) All money bills can be presented only in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha has no authority to pass a money bill.

(3) In case of an ordinary law, if there is a difference of opinion between the two houses, then a joint sitting takes place and owing to the greater strength of the Lok Sabha, the opinion of the Lok Sabha generally prevails.

(4) The Lok Sabha controls the government. Only the government that enjoys the support of the Lok Sabha survives. The Rajya Sabha has no say in this matter.

• Hitler thought that a strong Nazi society would be possible only if the children were taught the Nazi ideology. To achieve this he decided to control the children both outside and inside the school.
• All schools were cleaned and purified by removing all jewish and politically unreliable people.
• Children were separated as Germans and Jews. They could not sit together or play together.
• In course of time the jews, physically handicapped and the Gypsies were thrown out of the school.
• Text books were rewritten
• Racial science was introduced
• Children were thought to be loyal, submissive, hate Jews and worship Hitler
• Boxing were given importance to make them iron hearted.
• At 14, all boys were to join the Nazi youth Organization that taught them to worship war, glorify aggression, condemn democracy.  

The Prime Minsiter is elected by the elected members of Lok Sabha among themselves i.e. the Prime Minister needs to be the Member of Lok Sabha as well. If a candidate gets more than 50% support (<i>272</i><i>+</i> in this case) , he becomes the Prime Minister of the nation.

(1) Prolonged Colonial Administration: The policies of British Colonial government shattered the Indian economy so much that it could not be revived until the 1980s.
(2) Unabated Population Growth:The failures to promote both the required economic growth and population control have been the main cause of poverty today.
(3) Illiteracy: Illiteracy is also an important cause of poverty in our country.
(4) Disparity in the Ownership of Land-holdings:The unequal distribution of land, lack of land resources and failure in the proper implementation of land reform policies have been the major causes of poverty in rural areas.
(5) Unemployment:Lack of job security and unemployment are other causes.
(6) Widening Inequalities of Income:This is a feature of high poverty. Money has been concentrating in fewer hands, thus rendering a majority of people poor.
(7) Slow Growth of Employment Opportunities:Despite the implementation of various employment generating programmes our government has failed to provide the necessary employment opportunities.
(8) Socio-cultural Factors:In order to fulfill social obligations such as marriage etc. and religious ceremonies people in India including the poor spend a lot of money which makes some people even poorer.

Social Exclusion It is a process through which individuals or groups are excluded from facilities, benefits and opportunities that others enjoy.
According to the concept of social exclusion, poverty must be seen in terms of the poor having to live only in poor surroundings with other poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality with better-off people in better surroundings.
Example Its typical example is the working of caste system in India. In this system, people from certain castes are excluded from equal opportunities.

The rainfall decreases from east to west in northern India because of the following reason:
The inflow of the south-west monsoon into India is such that the windward side of the Western Ghats receives very heavy rainfall, more than 250 cm. The rain shadow region receives scanty rainfall and the moisture laden clouds shed the maximum rainfall of this season in the north-eastern part of the country. Thus, Mawsynram in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills receives the highest average rainfall in the world. Rainfall in the Ganga valley decreases from the east to the west. Hence, Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat which are on the western get scanty rainfall.

The two common methods to measure poverty lines are
(i) Consumption method Determining the poverty line in India is based on the desired calorie requirement.
The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.
(ii) Income method For the year 2012, the poverty line for a person was fixed at 816 per month for the rural areas and 1000 for the urban areas.

National Population Policy was implemented in year 1952 but it was adopted in the year 2000. Its main objective are to:

1. Promote the economic and social development of the country and improve the quality of life of people.

2. To enhance their well being and to provide them opportunity and choices to become productive assets in society.

3. Death rate is to be reduced. Family planning and birth control measures are to be used.

The National Population Policy NPP aims at stabilizing population by 2045. It Lays emphasis on economic growth, social development and environmental protection. Certain measures which are to be adopted for it are:

1. Raising the age of marriage.

2. Making School Education upto age of 14 years free and compulsory.

3. Reducing dropouts at primary and secondary level.

NPP 2000 has put special emphasis on the adolescent population. Focus is given to special nutritional needs of the adolescents. Awareness programmes are conducted to increase awareness about STDs, unwanted pregnancies, child marriage, risks of unprotected ***, etc.
The significant features of the National Population Policy 2000 are mentioned below:
(i)NPP 2000 identified adolescents as one of the major sections of the population that need greater attention.
(ii)Besides nutritional requirements, the policy put greater emphasis on other important needs of adolescents including protection from unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
(iii)It called for programmes that aim towards encouraging delayed marriage and child-bearing, education of adolescents about the risks of unprotected ***, making contraceptive services accessible and affordable, providing food supplements, nutritional services, strengthening legal measures to prevent child marriage.

The impacts of Green revolution are the following:

(i)The Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains.

(ii) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh recorded significant increase in rice yield.

(iii) The highest rate of growth was achieved in Punjab and Haryana.

(iv) The increase in the production of food grains helped the Government to build the buffer stock.

(v) Because of the Green Revolution, there was an increase in the production of rice and wheat.

The difference between the french national assembly and french national convention:

National Assembly came first - They wrote a new constitution with the king a part of a limited monarchy. 

The National Convention put him trial, found him guilty, condemned him to death and executed him.

The slogan of French revolution and it's revolutionaries was " liberty, equality and fraternity" was inspired by the philosophers like Rousseau and John  Locke. These ideals laid the foundation of democracy.

In common parlance, national income means the total value of goods and services produced annually in a country.

In some states of India there has been a decline in poverty. A few of them are:

Punjab and Haryana due to agricultural growth rates.

Kerala due to human resource investment.

West Bengal due to land reform measures.

Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu due to public distribution of food grains.

Coriolis Force
It is an apparent force caused by the Earth’s rotation. It is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the Northern hemisphere and towards the left in the Southern hemisphere. Effect of Coriolis Force on the World Climate
Under the effect of Coriolis force, the trade winds moving from sub-tropical high-pressure belts to equatorial low-pressure belts become North-East trade winds in the Northern hemisphere and South-East trade winds in the Southern hemisphere. As a result, they bring heavy rainfall to the East coast while the West coast remains dry.