Causes of the French Revolution:

1. Social Inequality: French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates namely The Clergy, The nobility and third estates. First two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by birth. They were exempt from paying taxes. The Third estate comprises of businessmen, merchants, Peasants and artisans, labours had to pay taxes to the state.
2. Political Causes: Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. France had a debt of more than 2 billion livres. To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government offices or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes which angered the people.
3. Economic Problems: The population of France also increased from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. Food grains were now in great demand. The price of bread shot up. Wages did not keep pace with rising prices. This led to subsistence crisis.
4. Strong Middle Class: A new middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century. They believed that no group in society should be given privileges by birth. Ideas of equality and freedom were put forward by philosophers. The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee houses and spread among people.
5. Immediate Causes: On 5 may, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. Third estates protested against this proposal but as each estate have one vote, the king rejected this appeal. They walked out of the assembly.

• Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In their place only one type of tree was planted in straight rows, called as plantation. This is known as scientific forestry.
• Dietrich Brandis introduced scientific forestry in India
• Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down.
• One type of tree is planted in straight rows.
• Forests officials surveyed the forests and made working plans for forest management every year.

Proportioh of poor people is not same in every state in India. There is huge disparity among states regarding incedence of poverty.
The following facts disclose about the inter-state disparity of poverty in India
(i) The success rate of poverty reduction varies from state to state. Poverty is still a serious problem in some of the states such as Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, etc.
(ii) In 20 States and Union Territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average. There is a significant decline of poverty in Kerala and Jammu and Kashmir.
(iii) Bihar and Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratio of 33.7% and 32.6% respectively. Illiteracy social backwardness, etc are the causes.
(iv) Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab have the lowest poverty ratio of 3.5% and 6% respectively. This is because of growth of tourism industry and high agricultural growth respectively in these states.

As the distance from the sea increases its moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather conditions. This condition is known as continentality, i.e., very hot during summers and very cold during winters.

Bhagirathi and Alaknanda.the meeting is in devprayag in uttarakhand.

Our country India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world .
With about 47,000 plant species India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. There are about 15,000 flowering plants in India which account for 6 per cent in the world’s total number of flowering plants. The country has many non-flowering plants such as ferns, algae and fungi.
 India also has 89,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish in its fresh and marine waters.
The factors behind this diversity are the following factors:

• Relief
• Climate
• Photoperiod (Sunlight )
• Precipitation

• The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was enacted in September 2005.
• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 (MGNREGA) guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to any rural household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work.
• This Act is an important step towards the realization of the right to work. It is also expected to enhance people’s livelihoods on a sustained basis, by developing the economic and social infrastructure in rural areas.
• The Village Panchayat will issue job cards to every registered individual. Payment of the statutory minimum wage and equal wages for men and women are the notable features of the scheme.

Bastar is located in souther most part of the State of Chhattisgarh and has a common border with Andhra Pradesh, Orrisa and Maharashtra. When Colonial government brought about the Forest Act, the people of Bastar started worrying. There was a terrible famine in 1899 and again in 1907. Actually the rebellion of Bastar was caused by combination of many factors. These included displacement from own land, increased land rent and demand for free labour and goods. The major reason behind the rebellion was the attitude of the British government which wanted to subjugate the local people and destroy their way of living by taking over their lands.
The British government proposed the reservation of two-third area of the forest and they banned the shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce that was done by the local people of Bastar..
Those who were allowed to stay in the reserved forest had to do labour work for the Forest Department.
People began to gather to discuss the village issues. Secret messages were passed inviting the villagers to rebel against British government
Every villager contributed something for the rebellion expenses.
Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials, police stations and schools were burnt. All those people who were attacked by the rebels, were associated with the Colonial Government and its laws.
The British ultimately put the rebellion down by employing heavy force.
It took three months for the British Government to take control of the situation.
The work on reservation was temporarily suspended. The area to be reserved was reduced to half.

• A narrow variable band of very strong predominantly westerly air currents encircling the globe several miles above the earth. There are typically two or three jet streams in each of the northern and southern hemispheres.
• Jet Stream is a narrow belt of high altitude( >12000m)  westerly winds blowing with at westerly flow with a speed of 184 km/h in winter and 120 km/h in summer