•   Electoral role or voter list is a list which carries the names of the persons who are eligible to vote.
•   Electoral role or voter listis important because a voter can caste his/her vote if his/her name is in the voter’s list.

The Storming of the Bastille  occurred in Paris, France, on the afternoon of 14 July 1789. The medieval fortress, armory, and political prison in Paris known as the Bastille represented royal authority in the center of Paris. The prison contained just seven inmates at the time of its storming but was a symbol of abuses by the monarchy; its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution.

The money requirements of small and large farmers is met by borrowing money from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supplies various inputs for cultivation ,which have a high interest . Whereas on the other hand ,medium and large farmers have a high productivity and so, they keep some grains for self consumption and sells the rest of grains into the market which met the money requirements of medium and large farmers and also, they are able to keep some money to deposit in their bank accounts,some to lend money to the small and marginal farmers and some for increasing their working capital and rest for their own expenses.

The main causes of widespread poverty are:
(i) The low level of economic development under the British colonial administration was one of the main causes of poverty. The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged the development of industries like textiles.
(ii) High growth rate of population also contributed towards rise in poverty levels. It made the growth rate of per capita income very low.
(iii) With the growth in irrigation and the Green Revolution, many job opportunities were created in the agricultural sector. But the effects were limited to some parts of India.
(iv) Unable to find proper jobs in cities, many people started working as rickshaw pullers, vendors, construction workers, domestic servants, etc., with irregular and small income. These people lived in slums on the outskirts of the cities.

Two circumstances under which the principle of non- discrimination is violated in social life is the practice of the principle of untouchability in rural India and discrimination among people on the basis of religion.
Caste system has been one of the major evils which has been in existence in the Indian society since the ancient period. People of lower caste have been systematically denied education, equal opportunities of work and have been forced to do all sorts of menial jobs. They are regarded as untouchables. It was to do away with this practice of inequality that Our Constitution declared the practice of untouchability as an act punishable by law. Over the years, the conditions in urban India has changed considerably but people are still discriminated in rural India on the basis of caste.
India is a secular country where people have the right to propagate, profess and practice their religion. People of minority community are many times discriminated in the society on the basis of religion. For example in Mumbai, people of a particular minority community find it difficult to find a house on rent. This violates the principle of non- discrimination in social life. Efforts are been made to strengthen the housing society laws in order to do away with this injustice.

Germany lost the war because it was decisively defeated by a stronger military power; it was out of soldiers and ideas, and was losing ground every day by October 1918. Nevertheless, it was still in France when the war ended on Nov. 11 giving die-hard nationalists the chance to blame the civilians back home for betraying the army and surrendering. This was the false "stab-in-the-back-legend" that soured German politics in the 1920s and caused a distrust of democracy and the Weimar government.

In our daily life we come across many poor people such as landless labourers in villages, people living in jhuggis, daily wage workers at construction sites, child labourers in dhabas, rickshaw-pullers, domestic servants, cobblers, beggars, etc.

A Differential Price Policy was adopted by the government in 1992 along with the Public Distribution System(PDS)
Its characteristic features are:
1.According to this policy, different prices have to be paid by customers while purchasing commodities.
2.The poorer sections having ration cards have to pay lower prices for commodities compared to the richer ones.
3.This policy was introduced for the benefits of the poorer sections of the society.

Problems faced by farm labourers in terms of employment are:-
1- low pay and wage theft- lowest resource work forces in terms of annual income and occupational benefit. Farm work occupies the second lowest paid job in the country.
2- There is no job security- the working poor are less likely to work full time and year-round as compared to other workers.
3- workers are not provided by satisfied healthcare facilities.

The core social and political values of our constitution are reflected in the Preamble to our constitution which serves as the introduction to our constitution and summarizes its aims and objectives. It underlines the philosophy of our constitution and upholds its spirit and ideology. It is the Preamble which provides for proper appreciation of our aims and goals and aspirations as embodied in the constitution. Some of the values are:
a. Sovereign- People's right to decision making both internally and externally.
b. Secularism - Freedom of religion to people and that there is no official religion.
c. Socialist- to ensure economic equality where government would establish control over economy.
d. Democratic.- Government based on the will of the people.
e. Republic- head of the state will be an elected one
Values of liberty , equality, fraternity and justice were reflected in our constitution.Like wise, our Constituent members were also committed to bring about social and economic revolution in the country that would give opportunity to people to develop. Thus, they included chapter on Fundamental rights and Directive Principles.

Rights are reasonable claims because
(i) Rights are those conditions which allow for the fullest development of individuals’ personality.
(ii) Rights need to be recognised by society and must be reasonable.
(iii) They are the claims that we make on society and on government.
(iv) They are made available to others and one’s right becomes one’s duty to respect the rights of others.
(v) Rights are sanctioned by the law, they need to have legal backing. They are justiciable and enforceable. In case rights are violated, we can approach courts.

There are five major types of vegetation in India: Tropical Rainforests, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs, Montane Forests and Mangrove Forests.

Tropical Rain Forests

• The tropical rainforests are confined to areas of heavy rainfall. Such areas are in the Western Ghats, upper parts of Assam, Tamil Nadu coast and the island groups of Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar.
• Areas which receive more 200 cm of rainfall and have a short dry season are the best area for tropical rainforest. Almost all kinds of vegetation; like trees, shrubs and creepers; are found in such a forest. The forest has a multilayered structure.
• Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, rubber and cinchona are some of the commercially important trees of tropical rainforests.
• Elephants, monkey, lemur and deer are the common animals in these forests. Apart from them, a large number of birds, bats, sloth, scorpions and snails are also found in tropical rainforests.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

Tropical deciduous forests are the most widespread forests of India. They are spread in those regions which get rainfall between 200 cm and 70 cm. They are also called the monsoon forests. The trees of tropical deciduous rainforests shed their leaves during summer.

These forests can be divided into two types on the basis of availability of water.

• Moist Deciduous Forest: The moist deciduous forests are found in areas which receive rainfall between 200 cm and 100 cm. Such forests are found mainly in the eastern part of India; like northeastern states, along the foothills of the Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Orissa and Chhattisgarh. They are also found on the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
• Dry Deciduous Forest: The dry deciduous forests are found in those regions which receive rainfall between 100 cm and 70 cm. Such forests are found in the rainier parts of the peninsular plateau and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

The Thorn Forests and Scrubs

• Thorn forests grow in those regions which receive less than 70 cm of rainfall. This type of vegetation is found in the north-western part of India, e.g. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
• The main plant species in such a forest are acacia, palms, euphorbias and cactus. The trees are scattered and they have long roots which go very deep in the ground. The stems are succulent to conserve water. Leaves are usually modified into thorns to prevent evaporation. Camel, rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, tiger, lion, wild ass, horse, etc. are the common animals in thorny forests.

• The drafting of the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.
• Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
• Its first meeting was held in December 1946.
• The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan after the partition.
• The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299 members.
  It adopted the Constitution on 26 November, 1949, but it came into effect on 26 January, 1950.

The Great Depression began in 1929. India was an exporter of wheat to European countries. When the international prices of wheat crashed because of the Great Depression, prices of wheat in India fell almost by 50%. Peasants and farmers were the worst sufferers. While the prices of the crops declined, the government refused to reduce the revenues. This forced the peasants to borrow money from the moneylenders. At this time in India, the peasants’ indebtedness increased.

There should be sufficient room for normal political activity. Public protests and demonstrations against the government are declared illegal. Popular leaders can be autocratic.
According to me, this statement says that the political parties contesting elections should have good records of successful political activities that should make an appeal to the voters to vote them.

• Rowlatt Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of British India.
• Rowlatt Act 1919 authorised the Government:
• To arrest and imprison any person without trial in a court of law.
• To demand security from any person, impose restriction on residence, curb freedom of activities, to search house and arrest any person, at any place.

The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June. Subsequently, it divides into two – the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. The Arabian Sea branch reaches Mumbai about ten days later on approximately the 10th of June. This is a fairly rapid advance. The Bay of Bengal branch also advances rapidly and arrives in Assam in the first week of June. The lofty mountains causes the monsoon winds to deflect towards the west over the Ganga plains. By mid-June the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon arrives over Saurashtra-Kuchchh and the central part of the country.

In primary sector, the whole family contributes in the field even though everybody is not really needed. So there is disguised unemployment in agricultural sector. But the entire family also has a share in what has been produced. This concept of sharing of work in the field and the produce raised reduces the hardship of unemployment in the rural areas. But this does not reduce the poverty of the family, gradually surplus labour from every household tends to migrate from village in search of jobs.