Cultural and educational rights of Minorities are protected by Indian Constitution by the following articles
Article 29: This article seeks to protect the interests of the minority communities. This article confers the freedom to all citizens, residing in different parts of the land, to conserve their distinct languages, scripts or cultures state shall not impose upon it any culture other than the community’s own culture.
Article 30: It provides that all minority communities—religion or linguistic, have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. In granting aid to educational institutions, the state shall not discriminate on the grounds of religion or language.

1.Literacy is one of the most important characteristics of a population. A country can only prosper if the majority of its population is well educated and literate.
2.A literate population helps in the economic growth in the country.Literate population is a form of strong Human resource, which can be used to sky rocket financial, economic and social growth in the country.
3.If the population is literate, foreign companies shall be encouraged to further set up or expand their businesses in the country, leading to large scale skilled employment.

Though required to act on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, in certain matters the President may exercise discretion within reasonable limits. The following are the discretionary powers of the President of India:

1. The President can withhold assent to a Non-Money Bill or send it back for reconsideration.
2. There is no time limit within which the President is required to declare his assent or refusal or return the Bill for reconsideration. He can take as much time as he thinks appropriate.
3. If no political party or leader has majority support in the Lok Sabha, the President has the freedom to decide who should be appointed as Prime Minister.
4. In case the Prime Minister has lost the support of the Lok Sabha, he may, instead of tendering his resignation, ask for the dissolution of the House. The President is bound to act on the advice of the Prime Minister. He can also explore the possibility of forming an alternative government at the centre.

Quite a few animal species are endangered and some have been extinct.the main causes for this major threat to nature are hunting by greedy hunters for commercial purposes, pollution due to chemical and industrial wastes, acid deposits, introduction of alien species and reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation, which are also responsible for the imbalance.

  Large scale deforestation has reduced the natural habitat of many plants and animals. Due to this, many species of plants and animals are endangered in India.

India has rich heritage of flora and fauna because of the following factors
(a) It has a very large geographical area which includes the mountains, the Northern plains, plateaus and also islands.
(b) India has a varied climate from very dry to monsoon type and temperature ranges from very hot to cold and very cold, which is suitable for different kinds of flora and fauna.  
(c) India has different types of soil like alluvial soil, red soil and black soil suitable for different plant types.  
(d) India is blessed with perenial rivers which sustain aquatic life apart from supporting different kinds of flora and fauna.
(e) The mountains and plains are capable of supporting and sustaining different kinds of plants and trees and provide an environment and habitat for various kinds of animal species.  
India is one of the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world. It has about 47,000 plant species. It stands at the tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity. It has 89,000 species of animals as well as a rich variety of fish. It has about 15,000 flowering plants and ferns. India is blessed with different types of soils, climatic conditions and physical features and thus, it is suitable for supporting different species of flora and fauna making it a biodiversity hot spot.  

1. The Election Commission of India is an independent and a powerful body.
2. It has power to implement code of conduct and punish any party who violates it.
3. Government offcials on election duty, work under its control.
4. Election commission can order government to follow some guidelines to prevent undue misuse of governmental powers during elections.
5. In this way the Election Commission of India regulate campaigns of political parties and candidates to ensure fair and equal chances to compete in the elections.
6. Election commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections.
7.  It implements the code of convict and can punish any candidate or party that violates it.
8. It controls the government officers who are posted on the election duty.

The constitution of 1791

• Vested the powers to make laws in the indirectly elected National Assembly
• Only men above 25 years of age, and who paid taxes equivalent to three-days of labourers wage were allowed to vote.
• It declared France to be a Constitutional Monarchy.
• Powers were distributed among different institutions − the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.

The convention of 1792

• Allowed all men above 21 years of age to vote
• It abolished the monarchy and declared France to be a Republic
• It founded the First republic
• Members were from all classes of societies mostly lawyers. 
• It was a single -chamber  assembly.

• The method of Scientific forestry framed by German expert Dietrich Brandis restricted felling of trees and grazing lands as it was done mainly  to preserve forests and its natural sources like  timber, teak, firewood etc
• Anybody who violates this system were punished severely.
• Moreover, this system of scientific forestry was not actually scientific because according to this system, only one type of tree was planted in single row while rest of the trees in the forest were cut down .
• Due to this reason, this system was not considered scientific.

The history of Indian murals starts in ancient and early medieval times, from the 2nd century BC to 8th – 10th century AD. There are known more than 20 locations around India containing murals from this period, mainly natural caves and rock-cut chambers. The highest achievements of this time are the caves of Ajanta, Bagh, Sittanavasal, Armamalai Cave (Tamil Nadu), Ravan Chhaya rock shelter, Kailasanatha temple in Ellora Caves.

1. It depict the activities of a particular civilization‘s people, encapsulating a moment in time, and range from scenes of hunting, gathering, and family life, to religious and funerary scenes.

2. It is a combination of wide variety of artistic style, Realism with a dramatic sense of scale and amazing depth.

3. Artwork depicts the expression of emotions through hand postures.

Physical Capital is the variety of inputs required at every stage during production.

Physical Capital is of two types:
(i) Fixed Capital: Tools, machines and building etc. are called Fixed Capitals. Tools and Machines ranged from very simple tools such as farmer's plough to sophisticated machines such as generators, computers, etc. They are called fixed as they can be used for many years.

(ii) Working Capital: production requires a variety of raw materials such as the yarn used by the weaver and the clay used by the potter. Also, some money is always required during production to make payments and buy other necessary items. In this way, raw materials and money in hand is called working capital.

After the second world war the allied powers decided to built up the tribunal as international criminal tribunal in order to give punishment to the high level political and military people who commit war crimes during the war. They named it IMT(international military tribunal) and was founded in a city of Germany known as Nuremberg. A series of trials happened. conducted by allied powers themselves and  22 Nazi official were being trailed and half of them sentenced to death after 1 year.Some also face life imprisonment.

*** ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males in the population. This information is an important social indicator, to measure the extent of equality between males and females in a society, at a given time.
The *** ratio in India has always remained unfavourable for females. The *** ratio of India in 1951 was 946 females per 1,000 males and in 2011, it declined to 945 females per 1,000 males.

• The seasonal reversal in wind direction during a year is called monsoon.
• The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time and then come the rainless intervals.
• Saudi Arabia is named wind system of monsoon.
• Saudi Arabia called this system as mausam.

• Nelson Mandela was a South African leader who was tried for treason by the White South African government.
• He and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964, for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country.
• He spent the next 28 years in Robben Island, South Africa’s most dreaded prison.
• He was released after 28 years from jail, and at midnight of the 26th of April 1994, South Africa got independence. He became the first President of independent South Africa.