The Versailles treaty was a harsh and humiliating treaty on Germany because  :- 
1) Germany lost it's overseas territories , a tenth of its population & 13% of it's territories. 
2) It had to pay 75% of it's iron & 26% of it's coal to France , Poland , Denmark & Lithuania.
3) The Allied power demilitarised Germany to weaken it's powers.
4) The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the damages of the allied countries.
5) Germany had to pay compensation of Euro 6 Billion and also had to lose it's resource rich Rhineland to the Allied powers.

• Rights are very essential part for the very sustenance of a democracy. Without rights, democracy will become meaningless and ineffective.
• For democratic elections, it is necessary that citizens should have the right to express their opinions, form political parties and take part in political activities.
• Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority. They ensure the majority cannot do whatever it likes.
• The government is expected to protect citizen’s rights. But sometimes elected government may not protect or may even attack the rights of their own citizens. So, some rights need to be placed higher than the government so that it cannot violate them.

The red cap worn by sans culottes in france symbolised liberty and freedom

a. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another. Internal migration happens within the country while international migration happens between countries.
b. Migration plays a very significant role in changing the composition and distribution of population.
c. Poverty, unemployment compel people to migrate to urban areas in search of better opportunities.
d. Also because of better health, education facilities, people migrate from rural to urban areas.
e. In India, the rural-urban migration has resulted in a steady increase in the percentage of population in cities and towns.
Migration has the following impact:
a. It allows person to explore better job, employment opportunities.
b. It helps a person to avail the best of health, education, housing and other facilities.
c. It connects urban way of life with rural .

• Growth is the most fundamental, dynamic feature exhibited by populations.
• Population growth exhibits two patterns namely, exponential growth and logistic growth.
• When resources available to the individuals in a population are unlimited, there is a tendency of the individuals to grow exponentially or in a geometric manner.
• This behaviour was observed by Charles Darwin while he was developing his theory of natural selection. He also showed that a slow-growing animal, such as the elephant, could also reach enormous numbers if resources such as food and space were inexhaustible.

The self cleaning capacity of a river refers to the process by which pollutants discharged into a river gets cleaned by natural processes. Factors like the flow of the river and the presence of bacteria which decomposes pollutants into harmless substances contribute to the self cleaning capacity of a river. Obviously, there are limits to this capacity. While a reasonable level of pollution can get cleaned through natural processes, uncontrolled pollution can be beyond the self cleaning capacity of a river.

Quality of population is measured by health standards, educational levels and technology. Health facilities affects the life expectancy, strength and vitality of the people, on-the-job training enhances the skill of the labour force and education facilities at primary, secondary and higher levels. So people who are educated, healthy and possess stock of skills and technical knowledge are known as the quality population. 

The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. The quality of the population ultimately decides the growth rate of the country. Illiterate and unhealthy population are a liability for the economy. Literate and healthy population are an asset.

The limitations and challenges of having free and fair elections in India:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
• In some parts of the country candidates with criminal connection have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a ticket from major parties.
• Some families tend to dominate political parties tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
• Very often elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens, for both the major parties are quite similar to each other both in policies.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties.

The middle class emerged educated and wealthy during the eighteenth century.
The system of privileges as promoted by the feudal society was against their interests.
Being educated, the members of this class had access to the various ideas of equality and freedom proposed by the French and English political and social philosophers.
These ideas got popularised amongst the masses as a result of intensive discussions and debates in salons and coffee-houses, and through books and newspapers.

The cooperatives are also playing an important role in food security in India especially in the southern and western parts of the country. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell low priced goods to poor people. For example, out of all fair price shops running in Tamil Nadu, around 94 per cent are being run by the cooperatives.

Democratic countries will support working with political institutions because:

a. Political institutions ensure that the system runs according to rule of law and not according to whims and fancies of a ruler.

b. It protects the rights of the citizens.

c. It ensures clear separation of powers where the legislature is responsible for making laws, executive for implementing them and judiciary as the guardian of individual rights.

d. It ensures justice and fairness in the system as the powers and jurisdiction of every institutions is clearly defined by the constitution.

e. It ensures consultation and deliberation and prevent any haste decision.

f. It would be in sync with the principle of democracy as it would ensure that system is based on equlaity, justice and fairness.

During 18th century, the working class of France faced the following problems:
1. They had to bear the entire burden of taxation. They were forced to pay taxes on every item which made their lives more miserable.
2. There was no equality of law and liberty to express their views and opinion.
3. They had to face discrimination because they had to pay feudal dues which was an amount collected by the nobles from the peasants. In this way the upper class enjoyed special privileges and lower caste had to suffer.
 

Democracy is not magical solution for all problems. Democracy has many defects. Eventhough it ensures people the right to take their own decisions, it does not guarantee that all descisions will be good. Since so many people are consulted their will be a delay in descision making. A democratic government is unstable as there is constant change in leadership. Electoral competition leads to corruption. therefore we can conclude that democracy is not a magical solution to all problems but is better than other forms of government.