Constitution is a writing rules, laws and principles according to which country is governed.

A Constitution is necessary because of the following reasons:

• It is an important law of the land. It determines the relationship of the citizens with the governments.
• It lays down principles and guidelines which are required for people belonging to different ethnic and religious groups to live in harmony.
• It specifies on how the Government would be elected and who will have the power and the responsibility to take important decisions.
• It outlines the limits on the power of the Government and tells us about the rights of the citizens.
• It expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.

(i) Tropical deciduous forests form a natural cover almost all over India, particularly by between regions of 200 and 75 cm of annual rainfall. Hence they are called the monsoon forests.

(ii) They are economically very important because of timber like sal and teak.

(iii) They need care as they are less fire resistant.

(iv) They are of two types-moist and dry. Moist forests are found on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats, North eastern parts of the Peninsular Chhota Nagpur plateau and along the Shiwaliks.

The rest of the country has dry forests.

(v) They are called deciduous because in dry season they shed their leaves once in a year.

The change can be expressed either in terms of absolute numbers or in terms of annual growth rate.
Absolute Increase of Population It means the absolute numbers added each year or in each decade in the population. It is obtained by simply subtracting the earlier population (e.g. that of 1991) from the later population (e.g. that of 2001).
Annual Growth Rate of Population The rate at which the number of individuals in a population increase in 1 year as a fraction of the initial population; is called annual growth rate of population. It is expressed in terms of per cent per annum. For example, a rate of increase of 2% per annum means that there was an increase of 2 persons for every 100 persons in the initial population.

Quite a few animal species are endangered and some have become extinct. The main causes for this major threat to nature are hunting by greedy hunters for commercial purposes, pollution due to chemical and industrial waste, acid deposits, introduction of alien species and reckless cutting of the forests to bring land under cultivation and inhabitation, which are also responsible for the imbalance.

An ecosystem can be simply defined as a community of living beings in concurrence with nonliving components in which they will interact. It is a chain of interaction between organisms and its environment. An ecosystem can vary in size it can either be small as an oasis or vast as an ocean encompassing precisely limited spaces. They are usually controlled or influenced by external and internal factors as well.

Drought affects the life of pastoralists everywhere. In ancient time, nomadism allowed the pastoralists to survive in bad times and avoid crises. When drought arose, the pastoralists moved to areas where forage was available.
Later the movements of the pastoralists were regulated and they were forced to live in semi-arid tracts prone to frequent droughts due to the different forest acts.
As a result many cattle died out of starvation as limited pasture was available for them. e.g. the drought in Kenya reduced the Massai cattle population to half what it was prior to drought. The pastoralists lost their source of income and some bought land and settled in villages and other combined cultivation with pastoral activities.

Drought affects the life of pastoralists everywhere. In ancient time, nomadism allowed the pastoralists to survive in bad times and avoid crises. When drought arose, the pastoralists moved to areas where forage was available.
Later the movements of the pastoralists were regulated and they were forced to live in semi-arid tracts prone to frequent droughts due to the different forest acts.
As a result many cattle died out of starvation as limited pasture was available for them. e.g. the drought in Kenya reduced the Massai cattle population to half what it was prior to drought. The pastoralists lost their source of income and some bought land and settled in villages and other combined cultivation with pastoral activities.

The Weimar Republic, established in 1919, replaced the imperial government and formed a parliament called the Reichstag.

The Weimar signed a peace treaty of Versailles which made things very difficult for the budding republic making them struggle to meet the terms. Socialists, Catholics and Democrats who supported the republic were ridiculed and called the November criminals.

1. Gujjar bakarwals and Gaddi shepherds both have  similar cyclic movement.
​2. They were on foot hills in winter & with the onset of summer they start climbing the mountains.
3. They were on the top of mountain in summers.
 

The total area of India as claimed by the Indian government is 3,287,263 km²

India is 7th Largest country on area basis 

• The public sentiments turned against the government in Germany post 1918. The Kaiser, in desperation bid to hang onto power, appointed Prince max of Baden as Chancellor
• In November, a revolution broke out, the kaiser escaped to Holland and abdicated, and prince Max resigned.
• Friedrich Ebert, leader of the left wing Social Democrat party, completely democratic one ver to take place in Germany.
• The Social Democratic emerged as largest single party and Ebert became the first President of the democratic republic.
• By the end of 1919,  a new constitution came into existence by the Assembly at Weimar, hence named as Weimar republic.

The Weimar Republic was born after Germany's defeat in the First World War in 1918. The German Emperor abdicated in November 1918. Instead of the monarchy, a German republic was proclaimed. A new constitution was drafted in the German city of Weimar. The constitution was adopted on August 11, 1919. This date marks the formal establishment of the Weimar Republic.

Challenges to free and fair elections in India are as follows:

• Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and independents.
• In some parts of the country, candidates with criminal connection have been able to secure a ‘ticket’ from major parties.
• Some families tend to dominate the political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
• Very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens as both the major parties are similar to each other in their policies and practices.
• Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage as compared to the bigger parties.