There were 3 main causes of the French revolution -

1) Social - The Social condition of France during the eighteenth century was very miserable. The then French Society was divided into three classes— the Clergy, Nobles and Common People. They managed the churches, monasteries and educational institutions of France. They did not pay any tax to the monarch. The Nobility was regarded as the Second Estate in the French Society. They also did not pay any tax to the king. The Third Estate formed a heterogeneous class. The farmers, cobblers, sweepers and other lower classes belonged to this class. The condition of the farmers was very miserable.They paid the taxes like Taille, Tithe

2) Economic- The economic condition of France formed another cause for the outbreak of the French Revolution. The economic condition of France became poor due to the foreign wars of Louis XIV. He had helped 13 American colonies gain independence and also used money for his own leisure.

3) immediate - Rumors spread that the king would order his troops to attack Paris because the people were revolting. Then 4000 to 5000 people gathered and formed people's militia. 

1.opium cropping had to be done on best field,fields which otherwise used for growing pulses.the farmers were unwilling to sacrifice the quality and cultivation of pulses for the sake of opium.
2.cultivation of opium was labour intensive.the plant was delicate and needed a lot of nurturing.
3.many cultivators own no land.to cultivate they have to lease lands at high rents from landowners.
4.the price which the government paid was low therefore it was unprofitable proposition for the farmers.

• Kosovo was a province of Yugoslavia.
• In this province the population was overwhelmingly ethnic Albanian muslims. But in the entire country, Serbs(Christians) were in majority.
•  A narrow minded Serb nationalist Milosevic had won the election.
• His government was very hostile to the Kosovo Albanians. He wanted the Serbs to dominate the country.
• Many Serb leaders thought that Ethnic minorities like Albanians should either leave the country or accept the dominance of the Serbs.
• This was one of the worst instances of killings based on ethnic prejudices in recent times
• Finally Milosevic lost power and was tried by an International Court of Justice for crimes against humanity.

Lech Walesa was an electrician in Lenin Shipyard in the city of Gdansk in Poland. He became famous because of his fight against the ruling communist government. When the workers working at the Lenin Shipyard owned by the government went on a strike, Walesa joined them.  He was then dismissed from services in 1976 for demanding higher pay. Soon, he emerged as a leader of the striking workers. Under his leadership, the workers demanded many rights such as the right to form independent trade unions, release of political prisoners and an end to censorship of the press. 

The Judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it.

1.Preparation of voter 's list: In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and given to everyone.this list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voter 's list
2. Nomination of candidates : The only difference is that in order to be a candidate the minimum age is 25 while it is only 18 years for being a voter.
Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a 'nomination form ' and give some money as 'security deposit '
3.  Election Campaign:  It is necessary to have a free and fare and open discussion about who is a better representative ,which party will make a better govt. or what is a good policy. This is what happens during the election campaign.
4.   Polling and counting of votes:  The final stage of an election is the day when the voter 's cast or "poll" their vote. Every person whose name is on the voters list can go to a nearby "polling booth"  situated usually in a  local school or a govt. office.

Following were the social, economic, political and intellectual causes of the French Revolution:

Social - The social conditions in France in late 18th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes in the French society. They were exempt from payment of taxes to the State. On the other hand, the Third Estate that consisted of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.

Economic - As a result of a numerous wars waged by Louis XVI the State coffers were empty. The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation. While the privileged classes were excused from paying taxes the Third Estate was more and more burdened with them.

Political - The Bourbon king of France, Louis XVI was an extremely autocratic and weak willed king who led a life of obscene luxury. This led to a lot of disenchantment among the masses who then were leading life of extreme poverty and widespread hunger.

Intellectual - The 18th century was marked by a conscious refusal by French thinkers of the ‘Divine Rights Theory’. Philosophers like Rousseau, rejected the paradigm of absolute monarchy and promulgated the doctrine of equality of man and sovereignty of people. They played a pivotal role in exposing the faultlines of old political system, i.e. the ancien regime, and articulating the popular discontent.

1. Hitler believed in the racial supremacy of the Aryans. According to the theory of racial supremacy, only the Nordic German Aryans were supreme in society. The Jews were placed in the lowest strata of society. The Jews were regarded as the fiercest enemies of the German Aryans.
2.  The theory of Darwin was wrongfully used by Hitler to justify imperial rule over conquered territories. He believed in acquiring new settlements for expanding the power and might of Germany. He expanded his territories eastwards towards USSR.
3.The Nazis after assuming power sought to eliminate the Jews and physically disabled Germans. Along with them, the Gypsies and the black Germans were also detained in concentration camps.
4. The Nazis saw women as mothers whose main work was to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. They had to teach Nazi ideologies to their children.
Because of the Nazi's ideology of superior Aryan race , About 6 million Jews were killed during Hitler’s regime. About 1 million Polish civilians, 2,00,000 Gypsies and 70,000 mentally and physically ill Germans were killed.

• Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in an Austrian village and was raised by an over protective mother and a disciplinarian father.
• He wanted to be a painter and enrolled in the German army in 1913 and won medals for his bravery in WWI. Germany after WWI elected a new Government called the Weimar Republic and signed the Versailles Peace Treaty in 1919. Many Germans, especially war heroes like Hitler were upset with this. Citizens and heroes became anti-government. 
• In 1919 Hitler got selected as the German Workers' Party leader owing to his excellent oratory skills, his devotion to German pride and his growing anti-Jewish sentiments two years later.
• Hitler renamed the German Worker’s Party, as the National Socialist German Workers Party and used different propaganda to reach out to the German people. Hitler’s powerful speeches and grand rallies were reinforced through colourful posters and flyers. The waving red flags further added to the aggressive energy of Nazi parades.