1. The non-farm activities of Palampur are dairy, small scale manufacturing and transport.
2. Nearly 25% of the people enegaged in non-farm activities. 
3. Non-farm activities are as follows:

• Dairy is the main non-farming activity of the people of Palampur. People have domesticated cows and buffaloes. The milk is sold to the people of Raiganj.
•  Some people are also engaged in small manufacturing units like spinning, weaving, leather making etc. Labourers are generally not hired for small manufacturing units.
•  Many shopkeepers have set up their own shops selling stationary items, toothpaste, candles etc. in the village. They buy various goods from the wholesalers in the towns.
•  Many people of the village of Palampur are also engaged in driving tractors, jeeps, bullock carts, rickshaws and trucks. They mostly transport goods from one place to another.

The legacy of the French revolution:

• The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution.
• It inspired the Germans, Italians, and Austrians to overthrow their oppressive regimes. 
• Colonised people of Asia and Africa were deeplys influenced by the French Revolution. They demanded liberty, equality and justice from their colonial master which finally led to the begining of national movement in their country. 
• The declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave rights such as right to life, freedom of speech, equality before law, etc.
• The French Revolution put into practise the idea that sovereignity comes from the people and not from the rulers.
• Women actively participated in the Revolution. It marked the begining of women movement across France and world.

• Jet streams are the narrow belt of high altitude westerly winds in the troposphere. They blow at a fast speed of about 110km/h in summers to about 184km/h in winters.
• The westerly jet streams are responsible for bringing western cyclonic disturbances to north west India resulting in rainfall in winters.
• The easterly jet stream blowing over north India result in the creation of tropic depressions. The latter play a significant role in the distribution of rainfall in the country.

(a) Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.
(b) Migration can be internal (within the country) or international (between the countries).
(c) Migration is a determinant factor of population change, as it changes its size and composition.
(d) Internal migration does not change the size of the population but influences the distribution of population within the nation.
(e) In India, most migrations have been from rural to urban areas because of the 'push' factors in rural areas. These push factors are adverse conditions of poverty and unemployment in the rural areas. The 'pull' factors of the city are in terms of increased employment opportunities and better living conditions.
(f) These 'push' and 'pull' factors have led to increased migration from rural to urban areas and rapid rise in the urban population
(g) There has been a significant increase in the number of 'million plus cities' from 25 to 35 in just one decade i.e., 1991-2001.

Natural lakes:-
1. Walur lake
2. Dal lake
3. Nainital lake

4. Chilika lake
5. Bhimtal lake
Man made lakes:-
1.Gobind sagar

Advantage of political competition

1. Election provides equal choices and oppurtunities to all to change the current ruler and elect the desired leader.
2. If political competition is not there, elections will become pointless.
3. Electoral competition is more suitable in long run.

Disadvantages of political competition

1. It creates disunity and factionalism .
2. Candidates often use dirty tricks to discredit their opponents and win elections.
3. Long term policies may become a casualty of electoral politics.
4. Money power is often a crucial determinant of results in elections and smaller and independent candidates may not have sufficient resources to compete with big parties on equal terms

• Over the years the scope of rights has expanded. From time to time, courts gave judgements to expand the scope.
• For example in India school education has become a right. The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14.
• Parliament has enacted a a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This Act was made under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression.
• The Supreme Court of India has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include the right to food.
• The scope of rights has been expanding and new rights are evolving over time.
• They are result of struggle of people.New rights emerge as societies develop or as newconstitutions are made.
• The Constitution of South Africa guarantees its citizens several kinds of new rights:
• Right to privacy, Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being, Right to have access to adequate housing, Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water.  

The positive impacts of the Green Revolution are as follows:
1. The use of High Yield Variety seeds led to a substantial increase in the agricultural produce which helped our country in becoming self-sufficient in terms of availability of food grains.
2. The Green Revolution helped in increasing the economic conditions of all farmers (big as well as small) by ensuring improved production by the use of HYV seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and improved agricultural techniques.
The negative impacts of the Green revolution are as follows:
1.The Green Revolution required a lot of water for irrigation purposes which shows unequal benefits derived  by farmers belonging to different regions of our country. 
2. The increased use of water resulted in lowering of ground water level in many regions.
3. The increased use of pesticides led to contamination of water and soil.

The poverty line is estimated in India in following ways:

1. Income Method: A person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given minimum level necessary to fulfil basic needs.
2. Consumption Method: A minimum nutrititioal food requirement for survival is estimated and energy obtained is measured in calories. The accepted average of calory requirement in India.
3. Expenditure Method: While determining the poverty line in India a minimum level of food requirement, clothing , footwear, fuel, and light , educational and medical requirement etc. Are determined for subsistence.

The proportion of people working working in different activities varies in developed and developing countries
Developed nations have a high proportion of people in secondary, and teritiary activities. Developing countries tend to have a higher proportion of their workforce engaged in Primary activities.so, there is need to shift the workforce from primary sector to other sectors.

The schemes launched to provide food security to the poor include
(i) Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) for targeting the poor people in all areas of India.
(ii) Annapurna Scheme to provide 10 kg of food grains free of cost per month to indigent and destitute senior citizens.
(iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana to provide 25 kg food grains per month at the rate of Rs 2 per kg for wheat and Rs 3 per kg for rice to BPL families identified as the ‘poorest of the poor’.
(iv) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) to provide children up to 6 years of age supplementary nutrition, immunisation, health check-up, referral services’, pre-school non-formal education as well as nutrition and health education for their mothers.

Stalin’s collectivisation programme:
(i) Stalin forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms, kolkhoz. The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared.
(ii) Enraged peasants resisted the authorities and destroyed their livestock. Between 1929 and 1931, the number of cattle fell by one-third.
(iii) Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. Many were deported and exiled.
(iv) As they resisted collectivisation, peasants argued that they were not rich and they were not against socialism. They merely did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons.
(v) Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.

• India has a ‘monsoon type’ of climate.
• This type of climate is found mainly in South and Southeast Asia.
• It is called ‘monsoonaT since India receives pre-monsoon showers in the month of May, proper monsoon during the hot weather season, winter monsoon due to western disturbances in winter and a little rain when the monsoons retreat.

Cold weather season begins from the month of November and continue till February. Some features of child weather season are :

• December and January are the coldest months in north India.
• Temperature decreases from South to north.
• Northeast trade winds blow over most of the country. These are dry winds and hence do not cause rainfall over most parts of the country. Coromandel coast and some parts of Andhra Pradesh receive rainfall from NE winds during winter months.
• Due to westerly depression, the North and North western parts of the country receive light rainfall in winter season. This rainfall is beneficial for rabi crops.
• The peninsular plateau in india does not have a marked and well defined cold season.

• The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir are great herders of goat and sheep. In winter, they live with their herds in the low hills of the Siwalik range.
• The dry scrub forests provide good grazing grounds for their herds. In summer, they cross the Pir Panjal passes and enter the Kashmir valley.
• They graze their cattle on the lush green mountain sides, covered with a variety of grasses. With the onset of winter, the Bakarwals are on the move again, back to their winter pastures.

Pastoral nomads, who depend on domesticated livestock, migrate in an established territory to find pasturage for their animals. Most groups have focal sites that they occupy for considerable periods of the year.

• Peasants basically cultivate small land and they has small land for crop cultivation. peasants mainly cultivate the crops in other land and they get some crop for their hard work.
• Farmer basically cultivate large land they are the big farmer and they cultivate crops in their own land.

Main principles of the Nazi ideology were:
1) Hitler believed in the racial supremacy of the Aryans. According to the theory of racial supremacy, only the Nordic German Aryans were supreme in society. The Jews were placed in the lowest strata of society. The Jews were regarded as the fiercest enemies of the German Aryans.
2)The theory of Darwin was wrongfully used by Hitler to justify imperial rule over conquered territories. He believed in acquiring new settlements for expanding the power and might of Germany. He expanded his territories eastwards towards USSR.
3) The Nazis after assuming power sought to eliminate the Jews and physically disabled Germans. Along with them, the Gypsies and the black Germans were also detained in concentration camps.
4) The Nazis saw women as mothers whose main work was to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. They had to teach Nazi ideologies to their children.
 

Although there is an overall unity in the general climatic
patten in India, there are some perceptible regional variations in temperature and precipitation conditions.
These variations are as under Regional variation in temperature conditions
(i) In summer, the mercury occasionally touches 50 °C in some parts of Rajasthan desert, whereas it may be around 20 °C in Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir.
(ii) On a winter night, temperature at Drass in Jammu and Kashmir may be as low as —45° C.
Thiruvananthapuram, on the other hand, may have a temperature of 22°C.
(iii) Also there is a wide variation between day and night temperatures, e.g. In the Thar^desert the day temperature may rise of50°C and drop down to near 15°C the same night. On the other hand, there is hardly any difference in the day and night temperatures in the Andaman and Nicobar islands or in Kerala.
Regional variation in precipitation conditions
(i) The annual precipitation varies from over 400 cm in Meghalaya to less than 10 cm in Ladakh and Western Rajasthan.
(ii) Most parts of the country receive rainfall from June to September. But some parts like the Tamil Nadu coast gets a large portion of its rain during October and November.
(iii) While precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall in the upper parts of Himalayas, it rains over the rest of the , country.
(iv) Coastal areas experience less contrasts in temperature conditions. Seasonal contrasts are more in the interior of the country.
(v) There is decrease in rainfall generally from East to West in the Northern plains.
Thus, it can be concluded that India has diverse climatic conditions.

1. Primary sector: the agricultural sector is also known as the primary sector and includes agriculture and allied activities such as crop production, horticulture, plantation crops, forestry and allied activities like dairy, fisheries, poultry, sheep-goat, piggery, rearing of silk worms, etc.
2. Secondary sector: the industrial sector or the secondary sector consists mainly of mining and quarrying; manufacturing and electricity; gas and supply. Small-scale and large-scale industries are included under manufacturing. In this sector, goods are produced with the raw materials from the primary sector. These goods are also known as manufactured goods.
3. Tertiary sector: the services sector or the tertiary sector includes trade, transport and communication; financing, insurance, real estate, business services, etc. The service sector also includes trading of goods which includes export and import.