A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may be adoption of a new constitution, a law or a specific governmental policy.

The French revolution is one of the greatest events in European history with far reaching consequences. It lasted for a period of ten years starting in 1789. The French society was divided into three classes i.e., the clergy, the nobility and the commoners. The first two classes lived in luxury and were not under the burden of taxes. The commoners for that matter bore the burden of all the taxes. Even the rich middle class was a victim of it. They did not have political rights. The king of France, Louis XVI nad his wife Marie Antoinette had emptied the French treasury with their pleasure-loving and extravagant lifestyle. The French revolution was mainly to overthrow the absolute monarchy in France and to bring social equality in the society. 

The Green Revolution has transformed India to a food grain surplus country from a deficit one. No other activity has such immense impact on the socio-economic development of the people as the Green Revolution. Intensification of agriculture over the years has led to overall degradation of the fragile agro-ecosystem. High cost of production and diminishing economic returns from agricultural practices are affecting the socio-economic condition of farmers. Loss of soil fertility, erosion of soil, soil toxicity, diminishing water resources, pollution of underground water, salinity of underground water, increased incidence of human and livestock diseases and global warming are some of the negative impacts of over adoption of agricultural technologies by the farmers to make the Green Revolution successful. Indiscriminate and disproportionate use of chemicals pollutes the soil, air and water and feed and fodders offered to animals.

Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are clergyman, clergywoman, and churchman.

According to American political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens. The political system defines the process for making official government decisions. Each political system is embedded in a society with its own political culture, and they in turn shape their societies through public policy. The interactions between different political systems are the basis for global politics.

The hyperinflation crisis 1923. The Weimar government's main crisis occurred in 1923 after the Germans missed a reparations payment late in 1922. This set off a chain of events that included occupation, hyperinflation and rebellions. The protective tariffs made this idea impossible and further depressed the German economy. Faced with reparation payments they could not afford, Germany began printing exaggerated amounts of money. This threw Germany into a state of super inflation. Inflation reached the point where millions of marks were worthless. 

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). Napoleon is considered a hero because he has inherited a very troubled social and political situation in post-Revolutionary France and managed to completely turn it around within a year of coming to power. He implemented many progressive reforms in France and territories he conquered.

This is because :-
• At that time , Indian forests didn't produced timber required for ship building.
• British saw forest as unproductive and cleared them to convert it into cultivable land.
• Forests meant to represent tribal welfaee which Britishers hated .

Delta is a type of geographical landform which is formed by the deposition works of river flow in it's mouth.

Similarly,the Sundarban delta was also formed by the deposition works of the Ganga and Bramhaputra river.This deposition procedure took thousands of year and formed the today's Sundarban delta landform.

Due to the river deposition this delta is very fertile for harvesting and natural vegetation growing.

India is the world’s largest democracy.  India became a democratic nation post its independence in the year 1947. Thereafter, the citizens of India were given the right to vote and elect their leaders. In India, it gives its citizens the right to vote irrespective of their caste, color, creed, religion, and gender. It has five democratic principles – sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic and republic.

Fixed working capital is that portion of the total capital that is required to be maintained in the business on the permanent basis or uninterrupted basis. Working capital is the capital which is invested for short term that means it remains in business for short time period i.e. mostly for a year. The primary difference between fixed capital and working capital is that Fixed Capital is the capital which is invested by the company in procuring the fixed assets required for the working of the business whereas working capital is the capital which is required by the company for the purpose of financing its day to day operations.

The philosophers who put their ideas of freedom , equal laws and opportunities for all were John Locke and jean Jacques rousseau.

The arguments in favour of democracy are:

 (i) A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.

(ii) Democracy improves the quality of decision-making.

(iii) Democracy provides methods to deal with differences and conflicts.

 (iv) Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.

(v) Democracy is better than other forms of government as it allows rulers to correct its own mistake.

In a coup, it is the military, paramilitary, or opposing political faction that deposes the current government and assumes power; whereas, in the pronunciamiento, the military deposes the existing government and installs an (ostensibly) civilian government. The word coup refers to the sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group. The chief prerequisite for a coup is control of all or part of the armed forces, the police, and other military elements.

French revolution influenced almost most of the people. actually it enhanced the way people think like you can say that it emphasised a broad way of thinking .
It influenced people like:-
1.It emphasised the responsibility of government to look after the welfare of people.
2.it encouraged people to raise their voice against the government if it is unjust and unequal.
3. it emphasised the ideas of liberty and equality among everyone.
4.It represented women fighting for their rights equal to that of men and so encouraged women.
5.It emphasised the role of political association to look after the welfare of men and women both.
6.And the most important is that it showed the importance of republic

NCERT solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics The Story of Village Palampur

1. Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and some of details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Palampur.

a).LOCATION:

Answer : a. LOCATION: Bulandshahar district, Western Uttar Pradesh

b).TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE:

Answer : b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE: 226 hectares

c).LAND USE (in hectares)

Answer : c. LAND USE (in hectares):

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(i) Dairy is a common activity in many families of our region.  

(ii) Some people are involved in small scale manufacturing in their homes or in the field like production of jaggery by Mishrilal.  

(iii) A few people are involved as shopkeepers and traders who buy various goods from the wholesale market in the cities and sell them in the villages.  

(iv) Some people near the bus stand have opened shops selling eatables.  

(v) Some people are in the transportation sector ferrying people and carrying goods from one place to another in different types of vehicles.  

(vi) People like Kareem opened a computer class centre and also provided employment to two women who had a diploma in computer application.  

1. They are unemployed.
2. They are engaged in those activities which are not permanent i.e. they are not paid regularly.They face seasonal unemployment.
3. Many farmers depend on rain. They don't have proper irrigation facilities and if their crop gets destroyed they are able to earn no money.

Fundamental right to freedom of religion is guaranteed under Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28 of Part III of the Indian Constitution. It is religious freedom in the background of a secular state. The Supreme Court of India has explained the secular character of the Indian Constitution thus:

“Secularism is neither anti-God nor pro-God, it treats alike the devout, the antagonistic and the atheist. It eliminates God from the matters of the state and ensures that no one shall be discriminated against on the ground of religion”.

It's features are as below:
1. The freedom to change religion or belief
2. The freedom to exercise religion or belief publicly or privately, alone or with others
3. The freedom to exercise religion or belief in worship, teaching, practice and observance, and
4. The right to have no religion (to be atheist or agnostic) or to have non-religious beliefs protected (such as a belief in the need for urgent action to tackle climate change or philosophical beliefs such as pacifism or veganism).

Similarities between the February and October revolution

The February 1917 revolution produced a democratic, republican government, with a, defacto, seperation of powers between the Duma (Russia's elected parliament created after the revolution of 1905) and the Soviets, workers councils also formed during 1905 and later, which until 1917 had no real political power.

The main aim of the Provisional government was to hold elections to Russia's first powerful parliament, the Constiuent Assembly.

Difference between the February and October revolution
The February Revolution toppled the old Tsarist government and instituted a temporary government run mostly by middle-class liberals who wanted to establish a constitutional republic. This government, however, failed to address the need for land reform and economic development, focusing its efforts instead on continuing the war. The October Revolution, on the other hand, was led by the Bolsheviks, radical Marxists who wished to establish a socialist republic of “soviets” (i.e. worker’s councils). This revolution permanently established communism in Russian politics; under communism, Russia would become one of the world’s major super powers, but millions of Russians would suffer under its repressions.

Economically, widespread inflation and food shortages in Russia contributed to the revolution. Militarily, inadequate supplies, logistics, and weaponry led to heavy losses that the Russians suffered during World War I; this further weakened Russia's view of Nicholas II. They viewed him as weak and unfit to rule. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917, during the final phase of World War I. It removed Russia from the war and brought about the transformation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), replacing Russia's traditional monarchy with the world's first Communist state.  The result of the Russian Revolution was the establishment of the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state. 

The January 1905 incident began as a relatively peaceful protest by disgruntled steelworkers in St Petersburg. ... The 'Bloody Sunday' shootings triggered a wave of general strikes, peasant unrest, organised terrorism and political mobilisation that became known as the 1905 Revolution. On 22 January 1905, Father Gapon led a march to deliver a petition to the Tsar. This event became known as Bloody Sunday and is seen as one of the key causes of the 1905 Revolution. The aftermath brought about a short-lived revolution in which the Tsar lost control of large areas of Russia. 'Bloody Sunday' triggered a wave of general strikes, peasant unrest, assassinations and political mobilisation that became known as the 1905 Revolution. Answer: ... Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia, showing disregard for ordinary people which undermined the state.

The ideals of the French Revolution are Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. 

Liberty

Liberty or freedom was with regard to 18 the century, liberty meant freedom from all sorts of torture and abuse. Another example of state oppression was the censorship of publications containing criticisms of the monarch, the aristocracy or the church.

Equality

The taxation system witnessed the difference in treatment of different people. There were the bourgeoisie and the Third Estate at that time as the two classes. The bourgeoisie was more reluctant about sharing political equality with the lower ranks of the Third Estate, thereby reflecting the lack of equality among people of those times.

Fraternity

This third ideal which meant brotherhood was the most difficult to achieve out of all three. So this ideal was all the more significant only in the initial stages of the revolution, and as the revolution progressed, this focus on unity and brotherhood quickly got lost somewhere.

Although the above three ideas are the most commonly related to the French Revolution, they do not completely define the French Revolution, which is a lot more diverse.

Social Disparities was the major cause of the French Revolution.The social disparity was:-
1-There were three estates Clergy ,Nobility and Common people (third estate).There were social discrimination b/t these estates.
2-Clergy and Nobility were exempted from taxes means they do not have to pay taxes.And third estate were comprises mostly of peasants and labours and have to pay all taxes.
3-As population was increasing but production of food grains were not increasing so this caused a massive increase in price of food grains but there were not a little increase in wages/salaries of peasants and labours due to which they were facing hardship to buy grains.
4-There were some fundamental rights for Clergy and Nobility but not for the third estate .