Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

• Democratic government is a more accountable form of government.
• Democracy improves the quality of decision making.
• Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
• Democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
• It allows us to correct its own mistakes.

Libertarian socialism is anti-capitalist and can be distinguished from capitalist and right-libertarian principles which concentrate economic power in the hands of those who own the most capital. Libertarian socialism aims to distribute power more widely among members of society. Democratic socialism originally represented socialism achieved by democratic means and usually resulted in reformism whereas social democracy included both reformist and revolutionary wings.

John Locke wrote the book Two Treatises of Government’.

Shifting cultivation is a traditional practice of agriculture prevalent in various parts of Asia, Africa and South-America. It is known as lading in south-east Asia, milpa in Central America, Chitemene or tavy in Africa and Chena in Sri Lanka. In India it has different local names like dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, Jhum, podu.

Shifting cultivation is a traditional practice of agriculture prevalent in various parts of Asia, Africa and South-America. It is known as lading in south-east Asia, milpa in Central America, Chitemene or tavy in Africa and Chena in Sri Lanka. 

Its a village

The village described in this chapter is somewhat big in size. It is well connected by all-weather road from the nearest town. The village has a primary health centre, school, irrigation facilities and electricity supply.

The percentage of such villages is minuscule in India. Most of the villages do not have proper connectivity with the nearest town. They may not be having hospital and schools. Electricity supply can be quite erratic in many villages.

In a typical village; like Palampur; people of different castes and communities live. A village can have 50 to 500 families. Most of the land is usually owned by upper caste people. Rest of the land is owned by the Other Backward Classes and minorities. The dalits usually comprise the landless labour. They normally live on the outskirts of the village.

In the ancient and early medieval period, the European traders travelled to Asia by land. But after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, this trade route was almost closed for the European traders. The Ottoman Turks charged Christian high fees to get through the route. Apart from this, the route was also unsafe due to the marauding bands of Tatar and the Mongols. Thus, the Europeans felt the need to discover new sea routes to India. 

Problems of Indian Agriculture
(i) Dependence on Erratic Monsoon- Irrigation covers only about 33 percent of the cultivated area in India. The crop production in rest of the cultivated land directly depends on rainfall. Poor performance of south-west Monsoon also adversely affects the supply of canal water for irrigation.
(ii) Low productivity- The yield of the crops in the country is low in comparison to the international level. Per hectare output of most of the crops such as rice, wheat, cotton and oilseeds in India is much lower than that of U.S.A., Russia and Japan. The vast rainfed areas of the country, particularly drylands which mostly grow coarse cereals, pulses and oilseeds have very low yields.
(iii) Small Farm size and Fragmentation of Landholdings- More than 60 percent of the ownership holdings have a size smaller than one (ha). Furthermore, about 40 percent of the farmers have operational holding size smaller than 0.5 hectare (ha). In India, the land holdings are mostly fragmented.

 (iv) Lack of commercialization- A large number of farmers produce crops for self-consumption. These farmers do not have enough land resources to produce more than their requirement. 

Yes , womens raised their voice for there rights while French revolution.

•THE WOMENS WANTED RIGHT TO VOTE

Right to vote during French revolution was only in the hands of men who paid taxes and belonged to good background. Womens also wanted the government to consider their opinion too.

•DIVORCE

the girls after a certain age were forced to marry and so they wanted the right to divorce in their hands.

•RIGHT TO MARRY: Women also wanted to marry someone of their choice and not of their father's.

The different activities that people carry out to create goods and services, which contribute towards the national income, are called economic activities.

Economic activities can be classified based on their nature and purpose. Based on their nature the economic activities can be classified into three sectors: primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. Based on their purpose, economic activities can be classified as market activities and non-market activities.

The place situated on three seas of India are as follows:

The Indian Ocean, The Bay of Bengal, The Arabian Sea.

This place is also called the Triveni Sangam as it's the confluence of the three seas, that is, the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

Kanyakumari is the place. 

The farmer with a small land of 1 hectare needs less capital to prepare his land. He uses traditional seeds, animals to plough, less labour, no machines, less chemical fertilisers or manure. He does irrigation manually and is helped by his family members to do the work of harvesting. The production from 1 hectare of his land is consumed by his family.

Heat zones are the different zones of the earth, where the sun's rays fall differently, thus causing different climate patterns. These zones are called the Torrid Zone, the two Temperate Zones, and the two Frigid Zones. The Torrid Zone is very hot since the sun shines overhead here. The Temperate Zones maintain a moderate climate, and the Frigid Zones are extremely cold. 

Segregation is the separation of an individual or group of individuals from a larger group, often in order to apply special treatment to the separated individual or group.

Nearly all wild lions live in sub-Saharan Africa, but one small population of Asiatic lions exists in India's Gir Forest. Asiatic lions and African lions are subspecies of the same species. Asiatic lions once prowled from the Middle East to India. Now, only a fraction of these magnificent animals survive in the wild. Indian Lions or Asiatic Lions is one of five big cat species found in India, a single population exists in the Gir Forest National Park of Gujarat state. Asiatic lion is listed as endangered due its small population in Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. 

(i) Modern farming methods have undoubtedly made the farmers selfdependent by increasing the production. At the same time they have overused the natural resource base.

(ii) Increased use of chemical fertilisers have reduced soil fertility. Also, continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has reduced the water table below the ground.

(iii) Environment resources like soil fertility and groundwater are built up over many years. Once destroyed it is very difficult to restore them. We must take care of the environment to ensure future development of agriculture.

The main reasons why the Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles was because they thought it was unfair. Germany had not taken part in the Conference. ... They hated clause 231 – the 'War Guilt' clause – which stated that Germany had caused 'all the loss and damage' of the war.

The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: (1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates; (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France; (3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia, (4) Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia. The Treaty of Versailles related to establishing the conditions of peace with Germany. The major sanctions imposed by the treaty included the disarmament of Germany, payment of very large reparations to the allies, and demilitarization of the Rhineland.

Geohistory to refer to the analysis of a country’s history and current state in terms of the verifiable facts on the ground: relying largely on geography and statistics to produce practical and pragmatic analysis. A country’s geography determines many things about a country – from its climate and available crops to invasion and trade routes. Statistics give us the clearest picture of what a country’s current demographic, economic, and military status is. Thus, understanding geography and statistics can give us a much deeper understanding of not only a country’s history, but also its modern political, geopolitical, and economic imperatives.

The Himalayas were formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate. Read the description given below:

• Because of the impact of convectional currents, the crust was split into many pieces. The Indo–Australian plate got separated from the Gondwanaland and drifted towards the north.
• As it drifted towards the north, it collided with the Eurasian plate. As a result of this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were settled in the large-scale depression in the Earth’s crust called Tethys were folded and formed the Himalayas.

The Central Highlands lies to the north of the Narmada river. It covers the major portion of the Malwa plateau. The rivers in this region flow from south-west to north-east; which indicates the slope of this region. It is wider in the west and narrower in the east. Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand mark the eastward extension of this Plateau. The Plateau further extends eastwards into the Chhotanagpur Plateau

Faced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a constitution. On the night of 4th August, 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated. As a result, the government acquired assets worth at least 2 billion livres

Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.  To obtain the raw materials that we make into fossil fuels, we need to find them and then extract them from the ground. Coal is preserved by the earth in a rock layer called a coal seam; mining is the only way to remove it whether it's near the surface or deep underground.