On the morning of 14 July 1789, the city of Paris was in a state of alarm. Rumours spread that he would soon order the army to open fire upon the citizens.

Some 7,000 men and women gathered in front of the town hall and decided to form a peoples’ militia. They broke into a number of government buildings in search of arms.

Finally, a group of several hundred people marched towards the eastern part of the city and stormed the fortress-prison, the Bastille, where they hoped to find hoarded ammunition. In the armed fight, the commander of the Bastille was killed and seven prisoners released. Yet the Bastille was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king. The fortress was demolished and its stone fragments were sold in the markets to all those who wished to keep a souvenir of its destruction.

Causes of the French Revolution:

Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates; first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles. They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate, which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination led to the revolution by the third estate.
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

Causes of the French Revolution 1. International: struggle for hegemony and Empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state 2. Political conflict: conflict between the Monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy. 3. The Enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in Montequieu’s Spirit of the Laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in Rousseau’s Social Contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the Literary Underground of “Grub Street;” the broadening influence of public opinion. 4. Social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie 5. Ineffective ruler: Louis XVI 6. Economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

a) Major decisions by Elected Leaders : In a democratic government the major decisions are taken by the leaders who are elected by the people of that country. These elected leaders represent the whole country so in this way the need of all people are satisfied.

b) Free and Fair Electoral Competition : A democracy is based on a free and fair election where does currently in power have a fair chance of losing.

c) One Person, One Vote , One Value : In a democratic country each and every adult is provided a single word which is having equal value. It means each what must have one value then that of other.

d) Rule of Law and Respect of Rights : In democracy a country can be rule only within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights.

 

The features of pitti island is- (i)It has a bird sanctuary. (ii)It is uninhabited. (iii)This island is found in lakshadweep island.

Pitti island is 300x200 m in size and devoid of vegetation . There is a dark rock on the eastern side and several stone cairns

Nothing is left from my syllabus ?? Do you all left a half then study hard guys.May god will help you ???

Ohh good

• The party system is not something any country can choose.
• It actually develops out of the nature and the culture of society on which it is built.
• The social and regional divisions, its history of politics and the system of elections also play a role.
• Each   country   develops   a   party   system which is   conditioned   by   its   special circumstances.  For  example,  India  has  evolved  a  multiparty  system  because  of  its social  and  geographical  diversity  which  cannot  be  easily  absorbed  by  two  or  three political parties.
• If the population of a country is homogenous, then two party system may be suitable. But two party system may result in lack of choices. 

Kanyakumari is the southernmost mainland tip of India. Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Island is the southernmeost tip of the Indian territory.

The difficulties people face in a non-democratic country are:

•  No freedom to elect their rulers.
• People can’t form organisation or organise protest against the rulers.
•  No freedom of speech and expression.
• Don’t have any say in government policies
•  Civic rights are curtailed.

<i>Salient Features of the Indian Constitution</i>

1. The lengthiest Constitution in the world 
The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest and the most detailed of all the written Constitutions of the world containing 449 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 Amendments.

2. Parliamentary form of Government 
The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of a government both at the Centre and the State. The essence of the parliamentary government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The president 
is the constitutional head of the State but the real executive power is vested in the council of ministers whose head is the Prime Minister.

3. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility 
It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federations which had led political scientists to classify federal Constitution as rigid.

4. Fundamental Rights 
The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic 
State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.

5. Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP) 
The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, it set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country.

6. A federation with strong centralising tendency 
The most remarkable feature of the Indian Constitution is that being a federal Constitution it acquires a unitary character during the time of emergency. During the proclamation of emergency the normal distribution of powers between Centre and State undergoes a vital change. The union parliament is empower to legislate on any subject mentioned in the state list. The financial arrangements between the Centre and State can also be 
altered by the Union Government.

7. Adult Suffrage 
The old system of communal electorates has been abolished and the uniform adult suffrage system has been adopted. Under the Indian Constitution every man and women above 18 years of age has been given the right to elect representatives for the legislature. 
 
8. An Independent Judiciary 
An independent and impartial judiciary with power of judicial review has been established under the Constitution of India. It is a custodian right of citizens. Besides, in a federal Constitution it plays another significant role of determining the limits of power of the Centre and States.

There are various steps taken by the government in order to protect the flora as well as the fauna of the country.

1)For Prevention of illegal trade and haunting of the wildlife " wildlife crime control bureau is established.
2) Government ban the hunting of endangered species  of the animals .
3) Central government also empowered the CBI in order to deal with the illegal hunters and men involving in it.
4) Government plans to stop the deforestation and plans for plantation of new trees.
5) The green belt programs also going in order to plant the plants in the cities.
6) The endangered fauna species are being kept at botanical gardens .
7) Amendment in previous existing wildlife act  in also a good step.

Radicals were a class of people in the late 19th and 20th century Europe who believed that a representative democractic system should exist in the countries. They opined that rights and freedom should be given to the of the people. They also wanted voting rights to be given to both men and women

Jacobin govt fall becoz robesperrie did not do moderation with people .he gulitined loius sixteen and everyone who against him ,he fight him in the court .so people got angry with him and people gulitine robesperrie.In this way jacobin govt fall.

The Indian landmass has a central location between East and West Asia. India is a southward extension of the Asian continent. The trans Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West to the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India. The Deccan peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India  to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and South-East and East Asia from the Eastern coast. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has. Thus, India's eminent position in the Indian Ocean justifies the naming of an ocean after it.  

Third Estate: The 3rd estate of then French society was further divided into three categories. Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, etc. belonged to the first category of 3rd estate. Peasants and artisans belonged to the second category. And small peasants, landless labours and servants belonged to third category, and were considered as the lowest class in the society. Members of the third state had to pay all types of taxes including tithes and taille.

Clergy and Nobility were privileged class. They had certain special privileges; in addition to feudal privilege. They were exempted from paying any types of taxes. They paid feudal taxes extracted after the members of the third estate.

1) Germany lost all its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population and 13% of its territories.

2) 26% of its coal mines and 75% of its iron mines were given to France, Poland , Denmark and Lithuania.

3) To weaken its power, the allied powers demilitarised Germany.

I think it is a type of drug which the peasents were not able to got

You can find it on the vedantu app .

This chapter is available on Google by the link of my CBSE guide.

That chapter has been removed by the syllabus by CBSE

According to accounting standards, assets are something which is owned by you and can provide future economic benefits. Example: Land & buildings, cash in hand, Cash at bank etc. Liabilities are something which an individual or a company owes. Example: Bank overdraft, account payable etc. In its simplest form, your balance sheet can be divided into two categories: assets and liabilities. Assets are the items your company owns that can provide future economic benefit. Liabilities are what you owe other parties. In short, assets put money in your pocket, and liabilities take money out!

Liberals were not democratic because they didn't supported universal adult franchise i.e., the right to vote.

According to them only those should have right those who have property and are from well off family.

Also they didn't wanted that women should get right to vote.

And therefore their decision were not democratic.

Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/736159#readmore

The French Revolution was a period of time in France when the people overthrew the monarchy and took control of the government. When did it take place? The French Revolution lasted 10 years from 1789 to 1799. It began on July 14, 1789 when revolutionaries stormed a prison called the Bastille. The people revolted against the cruel regime of monarchy. This revolution put forward the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality. The revolution began on 14th July, 1789 with the storming of the fortress-prison, the Bastille. The Bastille was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king.

The Poona Pact was the agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr Br Ambedkar reached on 25 September 1932. The major points in this pact were as follows:
1.148 seats were to be allotted to the depressed classes in the provincial legislatures. This was more than double from the 71 seats as promised in the Communal Award.
2.A Certain percentage of the seats allotted to the general Non-Muslim electorate would be reserved for the depressed classes.
3.Congress agreed that adequate representation would be given to the depressed classes in the civil services.
4.The depressed classes agreed to adhere to the principle of Joint Electorate.

 

Ll

Because the spider feeds on thr fly , whereas the fly does hard labour for finding it's food . The social reality of the time was the peasants had to pay feudal dues as well as rendering service for the nobles

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

People of Middle class were educated and believed that no privilege should be given by birth, rather position of a person in society should be merit based. Philosophers, such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau were envisaging a society based on freedom, equal laws and opportunity for all. The middle class demanded to the break-up of the feudal system with eliminating privilege for nobles and clerics. The middle-class introduced Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, as they influenced by enlightenment intellectuals ideas.

In 1804, Napolean crouded himself emperor of france. He set out to conquer nighbouring European countries ,disspossing dynasties and creative kingdom where he placed member of his family. He saw his role as a modernizer of Europe. He introduce many reforms which had long lasting effect on Europe . He was finally defeated at waterloo in 1815.

Napoleon Bonaparte was an emperor of France. He ruled France from 1804 to 1814 and for a small period in 1815. He is called as the 'Child of the French Revolution'.

I talked to some of old residents in many regions and found that before 30 years there was no irrigation facilities in this region.

Agriculture was merely depended on rain. Method of production was also traditional, there was no use of HYV techniques and hence production yield was very low.

But now-a-days in the region with the Government's efforts people use various types of irrigation methods and HYV techniques such as seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc. and production has increased many-fold in the region.

Thank u soo much everyone...

The population of France rose from 23-28 million between 1715-1789. This increased the demand foe the food grains which could not keep pace with the demand and there was excessive increase in the prices of food grains.The peasants and workers suffered badly due the meagre salary.The condition became worse when the drought or hail reduced the harvest.This was the economic cause of the French Revolution or Subsistence Crisis which frequently occured along the Old Regime

 The reasons that led to subsistence crisis are
(i) The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789 which led to a rapid increase in the demand for food grains.
(ii) Production of grains could not keep pace with the increasing demand. So, the price of the foodstuff which made from grains rose rapidly.
(iii) Most workers were employed as labourers on fixed wages. Their wages could not keep pace with the rise in prices.
(iv) Gap between the poor and the rich widened. Poor remained poor, but the rich became richer.
(v) The crisis of food grains became worse whenever drought or hail reduced the harvest.

abi crops are known as winter crops. They are grown in the month of October or November. The crops are then harvested in spring. These crops require frequent irrigation because these are grown in dry areas. Wheat, gram, barley, are some of the rabi crops grown in India.

Examples of Rabi Crops

Following are some of the examples of rabi crops:

• Wheat
• Barley
• Oats
• Pulses
• Mustard
• Linseed

No

A french ruler in 1789

(i)Louis XVI was from the Bourbon family of kings, who  ascended the throne of France In 1774.
(ii)He was 20 years old when he got married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
(iii)Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.

Louis XVI was a france ruler in 1789