Village economic can either be agriculture oriented or Handi crafts, cooperative society , cottage industries thus, can be called small scale industries.

Estuary is a place where both river and ocean meet there are several estuaries rivers those are sabarmati and nrmada.

Factors of production:

Land:  It is defined so as to include not only the surface of the Earth but also all the other gifts of nature.

Labour: Labour consists of all human efforts of the body or mind which are undertaken in the expectation of reward.

Capital:  Capital is known as the produced means of production. First, it is created by man and is not a gift of nature. Second, it is a means of production and used as an input in producing other goods. Such type of goods is not directly consumed. 

Human Capital: A human capital is a person who carries the risk of business and coordinates the activities of all the other factors of production.

Out of all the four factors of production, human capital is considered the best among all the resources. This is because it makes use of the other resources like land, labour and physical capital to produce an output while the other resources cannot become useful on their own. 

• The drafting of the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.
• Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
• Its first meeting was held in December 1946.
• The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan after the partition.
• The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299 members.
  It adopted the Constitution on 26 November, 1949, but it came into effect on 26 January, 1950.

450 families live in Palampur. 80 are upper caste families and own maximum land. 150 families do not own land and 300 own land.

The difficulties people face in a non-democratic country are:

•  No freedom to elect their rulers.
• People can’t form organisation or organise protest against the rulers.
• No freedom of speech and expression.
• Don’t have any say in government policies
•  Civic rights are curtailed.

The Social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905 was backward:

Social Conditions: 85% of Russia's population was agriculturist. The industries were there, but rarely they were privately owned. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. They mainly migrated to cities for employment in factories. The peasant community was deeply religious but did not care much about the nobility. They believed that land must be divided amongst themselves.

Economic Condition: Russia was going through a bad period economically. Prices of essential good rise while real wages decreased by 20% leading to the famous St. Petersburg strike. This strike started a series of events that are together known as the 1905 Revolution. During this revolution, there were strikes all over the country, universities closed down, and various professionals and workers established the Union of Unions, demanding the establishment of a constituent assembly.

Political Condition: Political parties were illegal before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx’s ideas. In 1903, this party was divided into two groups - Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks, who were in majority, were led by Lenin who is regarded as the greatest thinker on socialism after Marx.

(i) As a result of this treaty Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population, 13 per cent of its territories, 75 per cent of its iron and 26 per cent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
(ii)The Allied Powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power.
(iii)The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the allied countries suffered. Germany was forced to pay the compensation amounting to 6 billion.
(iv)The Allied armies also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s.

The labour force participation rates is calculated as the labour force divided by the total working-age population. The working age population refers to people aged 15 to 64. This indicator is broken down by age group and it is measured as a percentage of each age group.

There are three types of workers.

• The “job” worker. 
• The “career” worker. 
• The “mission” worker. 

1) 

• The Tropic of Cancer (23⁰30'N) almost divides India into two equal parts. India begins to taper down at 22⁰.
• Tropic of Cancer is the imaginary line at 23.50 degree north of the Equator.
•  In India Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 States. (Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram.)

• India has all major physical features of the Earth, i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands.
• In India the soil colour varies from place to place as it is formed from different types of rocks.
• India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods.
• India’s relief features are outcome of other processes like weathering, erosion and deposition.
• India has varied physical features whose formation can be explained on the basis of the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’.
• According to the theory of Plate Tectonics the seven major and minor plates that form the Earth’s crust keep moving, causing stress and thus leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity.

India is situated to the north of the Equator between the latitudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N and longitudes 68° 7' E and 97°25' E. 

French revolution

a. Louis XVI becomes king of France in 1774

b. 1789, Convocation of Estates General. The Third Estate forms National Assembly

c. 14th July 1789, ​the Bastille was stormed, peasant revolts in the countryside.

d. 1791 A constitution was framed to limit the powers of the king and to guarantee basic rights to the richer sections of society.

e. 1792-93 France becomes a republic, all men above the age of 21 were granted right to vote. The decapitation of the king, the decapitation of the queen

f. 1793-94 Reign of terror. Robespierre​ government came into existence, where he exercised excessive control of the state. Jacobin Republic overthrown, a Directory rules France.

g. A new Convention appointed a five-man Directorate to run the state from 26 October, 1795.

h. 1804, Napolean becomes Emperor.

i. 1815, Napolean is defeated.

1) When people revolted, Louis XVI finally gave recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the fact that his powers now would be checked by the Constitution. On 4 August, 1789, the National Assembly passed a law abolishing the feudal system of obligations and taxes. Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges. Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated by the government. Ultimately, the government acquired assets worth 2 billions livres.

1. 

on this day, the members of France third estate took the tennis court oath

vowing not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established.

When and why louises XVI callled an assembly of the estate general? What was the result of this assembly

(i) On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes. The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.
(ii) The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
(iii) The third estate was represented by its more, prosperous and educated members. Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly.
(iv) Louis XVI wanted voting to be conducted on the old principle-each estate having one vote. But the members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the Assembly as a whole, where each member would have one vote.
(v) The king rejected their demand as a result of which they walked out of the Assembly in protest.
(vi) The members of the third estate declared themselves a National Assembly and began to draft a constitution for France which would limit the powers of the monarch.
(vii) While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of France seethed with turmoil. They were facing acute food scarcity. Finally, the agitated common mass stormed and destroyed the Bastille, the symbol of the king's despotic and tyrannic rule on 14 July 1789.
(viii) The condition of the countryside was also not good. Peasants looted hoarded grains and burnt down documents. A large number of nobles fled from their houses.
(ix) Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would from now on be checked by a constitution.
(x) The feudal system of obligations and taxes was also abolished. Members of the clergy were forced to give up their privileges.

What was the estate general

The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates of the French society, i.e., the clergy, the nobility and the third Estate consiting of peasants, landless labourers, businessmen and merchants, sent their representatives. In the ancient regime in France, the king did not possess the power to impose taxes on his own. He had to call a meeting of the Estates General first, which would consider and pass his proposals for new taxes. However, the Estates General did not have the power to summon itself to a meeting. Only the king could decide when to call a meeting of this representative body.

What was middle class?Describe

In the eighteenth century, many persons who belonged to third estate and earned their wealth through overseas trade and manufacturing goods, were termed as middle class. It was a new social group, which also comprised of court officials, lawyers and administrative officials. People of Middle class were educated and believed that no privilege should be given by birth, rather position of a person in society should be merit based. Philosophers, such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau were envisaging a society based on freedom, equal laws and

Q6) Howdid philosopher of france inspire the people through their ideas based on freedom and equql laws 

The ideas of envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all, were put forward by philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau.

 In his Two Treatises of Government, Locke sought to refute the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. 

Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. 

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. 

The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among people through books and newspapers. 

• In August 2002, General Pervez Musharraf issued a 'Legal Framework Order' to amend the constitution of Pakistan. 
• According to this order, the President could dismiss the national or provincial assemblies. The work of the civilian cabinet was supervised by a National Security Council which was dominated by military officers. 
• After passing this law, elections were held to the national and state assemblies. 
• Thus, Pakistan had elections, elected representatives had some powers. But the final power rested with military officer and General Musharraf himself. Thus, he empowered himself by issuing the 'Legal Framework Order'.

Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.

Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out modern farming method in India. Modern farming is used to increase the production and less chemical fertilizer is used.

1) Livre- Unit of currency in france (discontinued in 1794)
2)Clergy- Group of people invested with special functions in church
3)Thithe- The church extracted it's share of taxes from peasants and all members of 3rd estate
4)Taille- Tax which is paid directly to the state

Economic cause of the french revolution 

As a result of a numerous wars waged by Louis XVI the State coffers were empty. The situation was made even more complex by France’s involvement in the American War of Independence and the faulty system of taxation. While the privileged classes were excused from paying taxes the Third Estate was more and more burdened with them.

Social cause of the french revolution 

The social conditions in France in late 18^th century were extremely unequal and exploitative. The clergy and the nobility formed the first two Estates and were the most privileged classes in the French society. They were exempt from payment of taxes to the State. On the other hand, the Third Estate that consisted of peasants and workers formed the majority of the population. They were burdened with excessive taxes with no political and social rights. As a result, they were extremely discontent.

Causes which led to imposing fresh taxes by louise XVI 

-Louis XVI needed more money to pay the money for maintaining the royal palace , army , etc.

-France had loss a lot of money in helping 13 american colonies.

-France had a debt of more than 2 Billion livers.

These were the main causes that Louis XVI had imposed new taxes.