In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments.
In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.

The blacks were prohibited to living in white streets and areas like that they carried out segregation.
Explanation:

Racial segregation is the systematic separation of individuals in daily life into racial or other ethnic groups. Inequality may include the geographic division of races and forced use by people of different races of different institutions, such as schools and hospitals.
In fact, it may refer to things such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to movies, riding a bus, or renting or purchasing a home or hotel rooms. 

Fold Mountains are caused due to large scale movements taking place inside the Earth’s crust. These movements are caused due to various factors like movements in the mantle, expansion and contraction of some parts of the Earth etc. These are horizontal movements.

The Himalayas in Asia, the Andes Mountains in South America and the Alps Mountains in Europe are some examples of fold mountains. 

Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:

• After the French Revolution, France became a republic.
• The Jacobins introduced some radical reforms but they under Robespierre followed the policies so relentlessly that he himself was guillotine in July 1794.
• The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle class to seize power. Two legislative councils were elected, who then appointed a Directory, an executive made of five members
• Directors often clashed with legislative Councils and the latter sought to dismiss them.
• Political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte

Democracy allows us to correct our own mistake. as in this the main power is with the citizens so if they make a wrong choice in choosing the representative then it can be changed. they can vote others and the mistake would be corrected.

Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. They launched protest marches and strikes. The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation
which led the struggle against the policies of segregation. This included many workers’ union and the Communist Party. Many sensitive whites also joined the ANC to oppose apartheid and played a leading role in this struggle. Several countries also denounced apartheid as unjust and racist.

There are several challenges which are faced by the election system in India.

The first and the foremost challenge is the wrong use of money and power.

Many politicians try to get votes by distributing tickets.

This results in an unfair decision and corrupt political practices.

Caste and religion disparity is another tool which is used in a wrong manner for the benefit of the parties.

Sometimes politicians end up spreading hatred among two different caste groups for filling up their vote bank.

Thirdly, Media sources often get paid by the politicians to print the news in their favor.

Such type of fake media services not only influences the opinions of the public but also leads to the win of an undeserving party.

Lastly, lack of awareness among the voters is posing a major threat to the election system in the country.

Sakal went to school and Vilas did not.
Sakal was strong and healthy.While Vilas was a patient of arthritis.
Sakal got degree for Computer programming.
Sakal got a job in a private company while Vilas was forced to do the same work as his mother.
Due to the education he received in the past years, he could secure his health as well increase his income by doing more studies. While Vilas continues to receive the same income his mother received due to unskilled labour.

Democracy tries to ensure freedom of speech and right to media. So everyone have the equal opportunity to put forward all their statements and words. Media plays an important role by giving a platform on various shows and broadcasting it on the number of channels. All the differences between Government and the People or Political Parties are talked and at last a conclusion a given after hearing from both the sides with the help of media. So indirectly democracy provide platform to deal with differences and conflict. But in dictatorship or monarchy no freedom is there to talk upon which ultimately lead to conflict.

France abolishes Monarchy and becomes republic:

1. Louis XVI had signed the constitution but also he entered into secret negotiation with the King of Prussia.
2. Rulers of neighboring countries were worried by the developments of France and made plans to put down their events. The national assembly voted to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
3. The patriotic song Marseillaise composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle as sung for the first time by volunteers as they march into Paris which is national anthem of France.
4. The revolution wars brought losses and difficulties to the people. The constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the rich people of the society. Political clubs became important from rallying point of view in which most successful club was that of Jacobins. Its leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
5. Members of Jacobin club were from less prosperous sections of society which includes small shopkeepers, artisans, printers, servants etc. they planned a revolt against people of Paris. Later the assembly voted to imprison the royal family and elections were held.
6. The newly elected assembly was called the Convection. In 1792 it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

• Elections are a democratic way of selecting representatives.
• They ensure that the representatives rule as per the wishes of the people.
• Elections help voters to choose representatives who will make laws for them, form the government and take major decisions.
• The voters can choose the party whose policies will guide the government and law making.
• Thus election is a mechanism by which people can choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to.

The Indian constitution is the bulkiest and lengthiest constituion of the world. It is both reigid and flexible. It is flexible because provisions may be amended or modified by ordinary legislative process. In case of rigid constitution  special procedures are required for amending them. 

The indian constitution can be amended by three different ways - by a simple majority in the Parliament , by a special majority in Parliament or by a joint initiative of Parliament and State Legislature. 

Because of these provisions, the Indian Constitution is characterized by a mixture of flexibility and rigidity.

Factors of production is an economic term that describes the inputs used in the production of goods or services in order to make an economic profit. ... The factors of production typically include land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship, and the state of technological progress The factors of production are resources that are the building blocks of the economy; they are what people use to produce goods and services. Economists divide the factors of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Production organization, or the organization of production, is at the heart of businesses involving the manufacturing process of goods. ... As the term suggests, production organization is simply the manner in which you organize the process of production of goods or services in your business.

Political thinker and clergymen Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes wrote the Political pamphlet "What is the Third State?" in 1789 just before the outbreak of the French Revolution.

1. It led to the abolition of monarchy and paved ways for democratic government.
2. The National Assembly was constituted and a new constitution was made.
3. It ended the privilege based on birth.
4. The Declaration of Rights Of Man and citizens upheld the right of life, freedom of speech and opinion.

In the family and society most of the persons thought that men is more powerful and do only outside work but in the case of women it's opposite to men. Women do only work which is inside the house and only care their children.

CBSE class 9 Social Science Chapter 1 Geography-India Size and Location notes in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Geography-India Size and Location class 9 Notes latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 9 Social Science notes on Chapter 1 Geography-India Size and Location are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.

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A n s w e r :

Per capita income is the average income of the people of a country . It is calculated by dividing the total income of a country by its total population .

1. The French treasury was already drained out in the reign of Louis XVI in 1774 due to wars and maintenance of the ornate court at the palace of Versailles.
2. In addition to this, France assisted the thirteen American colonies to get independence from Britain.
3. This increased the debt to another one billion livres. Hence the moneylenders started charging a higher rate of interest of upto 10 per cent.
4. This made the French government to spend further on interest payments alone.

Rivers are important for a country’s economy because they are a valuable natural resource.

Apart from providing water for irrigation activities, they also provide fertility to the soil by carrying down mineral-rich silt.

They are also used to generate hydro-electricity and are useful for navigation and transportation.

They also provide a livelihood to fisheries and fishermen.

A doctor, teacher, engineer or a tailor is a asset to the economy because they form the skilled workforce of the economy. Their services are productive and beneficial without which an economy cannot grow. For example, without doctors health of the people cannot improve. Similarly, without teachers education cannot be pursued.In the absence of health and education human capital will not grow which is the most important resource of an country.

The merits of democracy are -
1) a democratic government is better form of government because it is more accountable form of government.
2) democracy improves the quality of decision making.
3) democracy enhances the dignity of citizens.
4) poor and least educated has the same status as the rich and educated.
5)democracy allows us to correct our own mistake.

demerits are -
1) leaders keeps on changing this leads to instability 
2) democracy is all about political competition and power play there is no scope for morality 
3) so many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to delays 
4) democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral competition 
5) ordinary people don't know what is good for them , they should not decide anything .

 merits and demerits of ?

• India’s geographical location is favourably important for international trade.
• Due to its central location in the eastern hermisphere, India lies on the major trade routes.
• It has helped in establishing close cultural and commercial contacts with these countries.

Russian Revolution of 1917 involved the collapse of an empire under Tsar Nicholas II and the rise of Marxian socialism under Lenin and his Bolsheviks. It sparked the beginning of a new era in Russia that had effects on countries around the world.