Bolsheviks were in constant need of money because Lenin practised his beliefs, expressed in his writings, that revolutions must be led by individuals who devote their entire lives to the cause. Lenin endeavored to gain support by broadcasting slogans such as "Bread, Land, Peace and All Power to the Soviets." To people suffering from famine, this promise hit the spot. Yet in elections for the Russian Constituent Assembly in late November 1917, only a quarter of voters cast ballots for the Bolsheviks. They ended private ownership of land, gave land to peasants to use, and gave workers control of factories and mines.

The Great Economic Depression was one of the worst hit economic downturns in history of the industrial world.

It lasted from 1929 to 1939.It started  with crash of world market in 1929 october which sent wall street into panic and wiped out millions of investors.

Reasons for Great depression-

1)Stock market crash 1929

2)Bank failures

3)reduction in purchasing across the board

4)American helping policy with Europe

5)drought conditions

The Directory was a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (8–9 November 1799) and replaced by the French Consulate.

The Main causes of French Revolution are :-
1 despotic rules of king Louis XVI:-) due to financial crisis King Louis XVI forced to increase taxes which was mostly paid by the people of third state which create a tension in society.
2 privileges and burdens of French society. French society was divided into three types of society :-
1 first estate
2 second estate
3 third estate
the member of the first two estate that is clergy and the nobility enjoyed certain privileges by but this discrimination led to the Revolution by the third estate .
3 rising prices :- the population of France had increase this result into more demands of food grains which leads to increase of prices of food grains .
4 inspiration by the philosophy :-  the philosophers like John Locke, rousseau and montesquieu spread the ideas of equality which inspired the people .
5 role of the middle class :- another major causes was the role of the middle class who earned their wealth are expanding trades of manufactured goods being exported .

Merits:

• In an ideal world, all political leaders know what is good for the people and are motivated only by a desire to serve them.
• Our constitution makers opted for free competition in elections as the way to select our future leaders, because this system works better in the long run.
• Political leaders are motivated by a desire to advance in their political careers. They want to remain in power or get power and position for themselves for which, they can compete with other political parties.

Demerits:

• An electoral competition creates a sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.
• Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.
• Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.

1) water retaining capacity of the soil decreases.

2) pesticides may kill useful insects

3) money spent on agriculture increases

4) it is not sustainable.

 5) they pollute the environment.

LAND is the most important factor of production.

There are 450 families in the village PALAMPUR and 75% of the population is dependent on farming.

Out of 450 families, 150 families are landless, most of them are dalits and have no land for cultivation.

The other remaining families own the majority of land, 240 cultivate small plots of land. Cultivation of such plots doesn't bring adequate income to the farmers family.

Small farmers along with their families cultivate their own fields. But medium and large farmers hire farm labourers to work in their fields. They provide labour for farming activities. Farm labourers come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land. Unlike farmers, they do not have a right over the crops grown on the land.

Farm labourers come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land. Unlike farmers, farm labourers do not have a right over the crops grown on the land. Instead they are paid wages by the farmer for whom they work. Sometimes labourers get meals also. Wages vary widely from region to region, from crop to crop, from one farm activity to another. There is also a wide variation in the duration of employment. A farm labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm activity like harvesting, or for the whole year.

While the central government has for years tried to enforce equal land reforms for the poor. However, the real situation is very different. In Palampur, I would disagree and like to point out that the distribution of Land is not equal at all.
According to Statistics, out of 450 families who live there, 150 families do not own any piece of land. Another 240 families cultivate land less than 2 hectres in size and  another 60 families are engaged in medium and large cultivation with some exceeding 10 hectres in size.
Hence, we can see a clear difference in land holdings.

In the rest of Indian, over 80% of people cultivate 36% of the land while 20% of big farmer cultivate 64% of the land. Despite government efforts, much more work needs to be done

Muziris is a lost port city on the south-western coast of India which was a major center of trade in the ancient Tamil land between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire. Its location is generally identified with modern-day Cranganore (central Kerala).

One of the most important features of democracy is that each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value irrespective of caste, creed, religion or gender. But,

• In Saudi Arabia, women are not allowed to vote.
• In Estonia, the Russian minority finds it very difficult to be allowed to vote.
• In Fiji, the vote of a Fijian has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian. 

The Indian landmas is centrally located between east and west Asia. The part that is attached to the Asian continent connects India to the various countries lying to its north, west and east. The part that protrudes into the Indian Ocean connects India to Pakistan, west Asia countries in the west and the countries of east Asia. The strategic location of India has contributed to the exchange of ideas and commodities, through land and sea, since ancient times. So India has strong geographical and historial link with neighbours

Socialism demands a whole-scale transformation of society's productive forces, and to immediately end Capitalism. Cooperatives are a little different--they seek to do the best they can democratically within whatever economic system is present. So, cooperatives aren't necessarily socialist, but they share a common root and are, in some cases, fully compatible with a Socialist society.

The Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner and as such number of other Election Commissioners as the President may fix from time to time. Thus the Election Commission of India can either be a single member or a multi-member body. Till 1989, the Election commission was a single member. Just before the 1989 general elections, two Election Commissiones were appointed, making the body multi-member. Soon after the elections, the Commission reverted to its single member status.

(ii) In 1993, two Election Commissioners were once again appointed and the Commission became of multi-member and has remained multi-member since then. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) presides over the Election Commission, but does not have more powers than the other Election Commissioners. The CEC and the two Election Commissioners have equal powers to take all decisions related to elections as a collective body and generally they take decisions on consensus.

(iii) The Constitution of India has ensured the independence of our Election Commission and has made it an impartial body which is responsible to ensure the conduct of free and fair elections. The following provisions make the Election Commission of India an independent body.

1. Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners and Regional Election Commissioners, if any, are appointed for a fixed term.

2. Chief Election Commissioner cannot be removed from office before the expiry of his term except on the grounds and in the manner a judge of the Supreme Court can be removed. It means the Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office by the President before the expiry of his term on grounds of incapacity and misbehaviour, only if a resolution to this effect is passed by both the houses of Parliament by a two-third majority.

3. Other Election Commissioners and Regional Election Commissioners can be removed from office only on the recommendations of the Chief Election Commissioner.

4. Salary and other allowances of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India.

5. Tenure and other service conditions of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners are fixed by the President, but they cannot be changed to their disadvantage during their term of the office.

The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the following reasons— (a) Miserable Condition of the Workers (i) The industrial workers in Russia got very low wages. (ii) They had very long working hours, sometimes upto 15 hours. (iii) A large number of workers were unemployed, (iv) The workers demanded higher wages and reduction in working hours but their demands were not met and they became dissatisfied. (b) Miserable Condition of Peasants (i) Most of the peasants were landless and very poor. (ii) They also had to do free labour for the landlords. (iii) The small farmers who possessed land had to pay high land revenue, leaving very less for them to survive on. (iv) The landless farmers demanded that the land of the nobles should be given to them. (v) They wanted reduction of land revenue. (vi) However, their demands were not fulfilled and they too became dissatisfied. (c) Russia's Defeat in the First World War (i) Initially, the people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II; however Russian armies suffered defeats and a large number of soldiers were killed in the war. (ii) The Russian population wanted to withdraw from the war, but the Tsar was not willing to do so. This turned the Russian people against him and encouraged them to revolt. (d) Role of Philosophers like Karl Marx Karl Marx put forward the idea that the capitalists were responsible for the misery of the workers and that the condition of workers could only improve if the land and the industries were controlled by the society. He inspired the workers to oppose the landlords and the capitalists. (e) Rasputin's Role The people were also against the policies of the monk named Rasputin.  

Five steps taken by Bolshevik to make Russia a socialist society were:

• They were given permission to the peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialised. To show that how collectively the work was done, they used lands which were confiscated.

• Centralized planning became their main agenda according to which they made five-year plans. In the first two plans, prices were fixed by the government as they wanted to promote industrial growth. This led to economic growth.

• New industries were set up which led to the increase in the industrial production. Also, in factories, crèches were arranged for the children of the working women and the arrangement of the living quarters were made for the workers.

• Public health-care was provided which was cheap.

• Schools were established. They allowed factory workers and peasants to enter the universities.

Political competion is competition for political power. It is competition for the ability to shape and control the content and direction of public policy--rivalry for the capacity to influence or determine official governmental decisionmaking and action on questions of public policy.

DEMERITS / Drawbacks

• It creates a sense of disunity and ‘factionalism’ in every locality.
• Different political parties and leaders often level allegations against one another.
• Parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.

The presence of the fake voters means that the elections were rigged by the authorities who prepared the electoral rolls. The election commission should supervise preparation of fresh electoral rolls.

The electoral rolls of that state should be fully revised and names of all the fake voters should be removed from the voters' list.  

Peoples participation in election is usually measured by voter turnout figures. Turnout indicates the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast their vote. Over the last fifty years, the turnout in Europe and North America has declined. In India the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.   In India the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections. This contrasts with western democracies.

Canvassing, or knocking on doors, is the campaign activity of systematically going to voters’ homes and having a conversation. Face to face interactions are the most powerful way to persuade voters to vote for your candidate or to show up to the polls on Election Day, and canvassing is the best way for a candidate to carefully track the progress of convincing voters to vote for them.

Himalayan Rivers

(1) The Himalayan rivers originate from the snow-covered mountains.

(2) These rivers have large basins and catchment areas.

(3) These rivers flow through deep nearly I-shaped valleys

(4) These rivers are perennial in nature and receive water both from the monsoon and the melting of the snow.

(5) These rivers are suitable for navigation as they flow over plain areas.
(6) These rivers form large deltas near their mouth.

Peninsular Rivers

(1) The Peninsular rivers mostly originate from peninsular plateaus.

(2) These rivers have small basins and catchment areas.

(3) These rivers flow through broad and shallow valleys

(4) These rivers are seasonal in nature as they receive water only from the monsoon rain.

(5) These rivers are not suitable for navigation as they flow over uneven land in plateau areas.
(6) These rivers form estuaries or smaller deltas.

To summarise a life of a soldier in trenches during world war 1 was something which can be described by words like dirty, filthy and a life filled with hardships.

They were prone to diseases like cholera and trench foot.

The trench life was often glorified by the government to motivate the soldiers but in fact, it was a lie.