A man who had written the national anthem of france

Marseillaise was a patriotic song composed by poet Roget de L’ Isle.
Although Louis XVI signed the constitution, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. Rulers of the other neighbouring countries too were worried by the developments in France and made plans to send troops to put down the events that had been taking place there since the summer of 1789. Before this could happen, the National Assembly voted in April 1792, and declared war against Prussia and Austria. Thousands of volunteers thronged from the provinces to join the army. They saw this as a war of the people against kings and aristocracies all over Europe. So Marseillaise was sung for the first time by the volunteers from Marseilles as they marched into Paris and so got its name. The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France.

Some of the important passes located in Himalayas are :

1.  Khardung La  in Ladakh.

2.  Pir Panjal Pass in Jammu and Kashmir.

3.  Zojila pass which connects Srinagar and Ladakh.

4.  Shipki La connects Himachal and Tibet.

5.  Nathu La which connects Tibet and Sikkim.

6.  Dihang pass which connects Aurnachal Pradesh and Mynammar.

An Election Manifesto is a formal statement of the programmes and objectives of a political party. It deals with various issues like Centre-State relations, judicial reforms, social justice, health, education, defence, world peace, economic growth, etc. It also contains the promises made by the party for sections of society.

Terai: The belt exist to the south of Bhabar area. It is almost parallel to the Bhabar. The area has got highly fine sediments due to the deposition made by several streams. Very dense vegetation is found in Terai region. Since the river re-emerges back in this region, the area becomes highly swampy and marshy.

The two differences are as follows (i) The capitalists believed that individuals owned private property whereas the socialists believed that all property belonged to the society as a whole, i.e., to the state. (ii) The capitalists believed that the profits from the property should belong to the property's owners, whereas the socialist believed that profits are due to the workers' labour and so should be shared by them. 

French revolution started in 1789. The series of events started by the middle class shook the upper classes. The people revolted against the cruel regime of monarchy. This revolution put forward the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality. The revolution began on 14th July, 1789 with the storming of the fortress-prison, the Bastille. 

The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates sent their representatives.

In France of the Old Regime, the monarch did not have the power to impose taxes; rather he had to call a meeting of the Estate General to pass the proposals for new taxes. However it was the monarch alone who could decide when to call a meeting of this body.

n recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. This is the time that the fields need manure that the animals provide

Sariska National Park was declared a reserved forest in 1955, upgraded to the status of a wildlife sanctuary in 1958, becoming a Tiger Reserve in 1978. Sariska became a national park in 1992, though primary notification to declare it as a national park was issued as early as 1982.

Sariska National Park was declared a reserved forest in 1955, upgraded to the status of a wildlife sanctuary in 1958, becoming a Tiger Reserve in 1978. Sariska became a national park in 1992, though primary notification to declare it as a national park was issued as early as 1982.

• Impact of French revolution on the world.

(i) The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy.

(ii) The ideas spread from France to Europe. Here, feudal systems were abolished.

(iii) Colonised people started movements to create a soverign nation state.

1) Giving scholarships to the meritorious students.

2) Offering free of cost education in the government schools and colleges.

3) Offering free of cost mid-day meal in the government schools.

4) Arranging campaigns to promote the importance of education.

5) Establishing initiatives like the "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan".

Pervez Musharraf is a Pakistani former four-star general and politician who became the tenth president of Pakistan after the successful 1999 Pakistani coup

Pakistan under General Musharraf is not called a democracy because the rulers were not elected by the people. 

People might have elected their representatives to the national and provincial assemblies but these elected representatives were not really the rulers. They could not take the final decisions. 

The power to take final decisions rested with army officials and with General Musharraf, and none of them were elected by the people.

The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 under the leadership of Lenin. The Russian state participated in the First World War that began in 1914. The war created the scarcity of essential goods leading to food riots at several places. Riots over the scarcity of food broke out in the capital, Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg), on February 24 (March 8), and, when most of the soldiers joined the revolt, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate his throne. A provisional government was set up in Russia but the Bolshevik party at this time had become extremely powerful. The party under Lenin overthrew the Provisional Government and Russia became a socialist country following the principles and ideologies of Karl Marx. Land was taken away from landlords and were given to the farmers. Workers were given the control of the factories and the state became powerful. The Russian Revolution impacted the world in a huge way. Communist parties were established in several countries and the world was divided into two blocks-capitalist and communist.  

Constitutional history and development. Prior to the constituent assembly that convened in 1948 to draft the Indian constitution adopted in 1950 and still in force to date, the fundamental law of India was mostly embodied in a series of statutes enacted by the British Parliament. The Constitution of the United States established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.

Main causes were:

Autocratic rule of Tsars: In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. He fought a number of wars to expand his empire in the north and west in Europe. He had borne the expenditure of war by taxing the common people of Russia.
Conditions of peasants: Majority of the Russians were agriculturalists. Major part of the land was owned by nobles and clergy and these peasants worked as farmers on daily wages. They were paid less and worked more and sometimes under debt, they were not even paid wages.
Status of industries: Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside crafts workshops. Foreign investment in industries increased with the extension of Russia’s railway network.
Conditions of workers in the industries: Most industries were owned by private
industrialists. Though the government supervised factories’ working hours and wages of the workers, but still rules were broken. Women workers were also paid less than men. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment and financial hardships. ,
Formation of socialist parties: All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists, who respected Marxist ideas. But because of government policies, it had to operate secretly as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes.

The French Society during the Late 18th Century
In 1774, Louis XVI, a 20 year young from Bourbon dynasty ascended the throne of France.
He was welcomed by empty treasure. The France was reeling under tremendous debt which had mounted Up to 2 billion livres.For meeting theses expenses increase in the tax was inevitable.

The French Society was divided into three estates. First two enjoyed all privileges.

1st Estate: Clergy
2nd Estate: Nobility
3rd Estate: Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, peasants, artisans, landless labourers, servants, etc.

• Some within the Third Estate were rich and some were poor.
• The burden of financing activities of the state through taxes was borne by the Third Estate alone.

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Article 48 of the weimar republic of germany, allowed the president under certain circumstances to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the reichstags. He could impose emergency, rule by decree and even dismiss the civil rights of the people.

Unlike in a presidential system, the cabinet in a parliamentary system must not only be confirmed, but enjoy the continuing confidence of the parliament: a parliament can pass a motion of no confidence to remove a government or individual ministers. ... Thus, a coalition government is formed. The term "cabinet" comes from the Italian word "cabinetto," meaning "a small, private room." A good place to discuss important business without being interrupted. The first use of the term is attributed to James Madison, who described the meetings as “the president's cabinet.”

FEATURES OF TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST ARE :
i) These evergreen forests are found in warm and wet regions.

ii) These are found where the rainfall is more than 200cm, with a short dry season.

iii) These are found in the rainy slopes of western ghats,plains of West Bengal and Odisha and the North-eastern India.

iv) Trees grow very vigorously,reaching a height of about 60cm and above.

v) Some of the commercially useful trees if these FOREST are ebony, mahagony and rosewood.

Mahogany: It is a hard wood used for furniture.

Ebony: It is a hard wood, coal black, with high density. It is therefore heavy, strong and used
for furniture.

Tropical evergreen forests(or tropical rain forests) are usually found in are as receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall and having a monthly mean temperature of 18°C or higher in the coldest months. Tropical evergreen forests are dense, multi-layered, and harbour many types of plants and animal.

The interaction between the biotic and abiotic components present in a particular area is called an ecosystem. The abiotic components include sunlight, water, soil, air, etc., and the biotic components include the different plants and animals found in an area, e.g., lake, forest, grassland, lions, deer, etc.

• A very large ecosystem on land having distinct types of vegetation and animal life is known as a biome.
• It comprises multiple ecosystems.
• It abounds in plant and animal species.
• Desert, grasslands, tundra, and tropical rainforests are some examples of biomes.

The steps taken by government in the field of education are as follows :

1. There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
2. There is also an establishment of pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district.
3. Vocational streams have been developed to equip students with occupation related knowledge and skills.
4. Mid-day meal schemes implemented in semi-urban and rural areas to encourage parents to send their children to school.
5. Popularising education related programmes like ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’, distance education, adoption of state-specific curriculum modification, use of information technology etc.

The reasons are:

(i)Japan have invested in human capital especially in the field of education and health.

(ii)The skilled and trained people have made efficient use of other resources like land and capital.

(iii)Efficiency and technology evolved by people have made there countries developed.

Following are the reasons for educated unemployment being a peculiar problem of India :

(i)This is a phenomenon urban areas.

(ii)There is unemployment among technically qualified persons on one hand, while there is dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.

(iii)A study showed that unemployment among graduates and post graduates has increased faster than among the matriculates.

(iv)A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus manpower in certain categories coexists with the shortage of manpower in others.

(v)Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find job.