रीड की हड्डी एकांकी में किस समस्याओं की उठाया गया है क्या आज भी है समस्या समाज में दिखाई देती है subject Hindi

अर्थ के आधार पर निम्नलिखित वाक्यों की पहचान करके उनके भेद लिखिए 1/ईश्वर करे तुम परीक्षा में सफल हो 2/अरे वहां क्या लिखा है Subject hindi

A n s w e r :

 

वनस्पति जगत	प्राणी जगत
वनस्पति-जगत शब्द का अर्थ किसी विशेष क्षेत्र में पौधों की उत्पत्ति से है।	प्राणी जगत का अर्थ किसी विशेष क्षेत्र में जानवरों की प्रजाति है।

(i)Louis XVI was from the Bourbon family of kings, who  ascended the throne of France In 1774.
(ii)He was 20 years old when he got married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
(iii)Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.

Give me anwee of this question

India is a democratic country because of the following: 1.) In India, the final decision making power is rested with those who are elected by the people. 2.) In India, there is a free and fair election where those who are currently in power have a fair chance of losing. 3.) In India, Each adult citizen have one vote and each vote have one value. 4.) In India, the government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights. These above points justifies that India is a Democratic country

India is a democratic country because of the following: 1.) In India, the final decision making power is rested with those who are elected by the people. 2.) In India, there is a free and fair election where those who are currently in power have a fair chance of losing. 3.) In India, Each adult citizen have one vote and each vote have one value. 4.) In India, the government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights. These above points justifies that India is a Democratic country.

Nantes port ?? (Bordeaux port remained for a short period of time)

Pleaseeeeeeeeeeee don't ask science or other subjects questions in other subjects

Earthworms ingest soil, digest the organic matter present in it and excrete soil full of plant nutrients known as worm cast which makes soil fertile. They make burrows into the soil and thus they aerate the soil.

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Question 1.
The Great Depression was a period of _______ .
Answer:
Economic crisis

Question 2.
What is the German Parliament known as ?
Answer:
The German Parliament is known as the Reichstag.

Question 3.
A camp where people were isolated and detained without due process of law, referred to as _______ .
Answer:
Concentration camp

Question 4.
Which Article of the Weimar Constitution gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspend civil rights and rule by decree ?
Answer:
Article 48

Question 5.
Who offered the chancellorship to Hitler on 30 January 1933 ?
Answer:
President Hindenburg

Question 6.
People of Weimar Republic lost confidence in the democratic _______ .
Answer:
Parliamentary system

Question 7.
The Nazi Party had become largest party by _______ .
Answer:
1932

Question 8.
The Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Japan and _______ .
Answer:
Italy

Question 9.
Nazi propaganda projected _______ .
Answer:
Hitler as a messiah

Question 10.
Nazi youth groups for children below 14 years of age were called _______ .
Answer:
Jungvolk

Question 11.
What was Auschwitz ?
Answer:
Auschwitz was the centre for mass killing during Nazi rule.

Question 12.
What was the original name of Nazi party ?
Answer:
The National Socialist German Workers Party.

Question 13.
The gas chambers that looked like bathrooms, equipped with fake shower heads, were labelled as _______ .
Answer:
Disinfection areas

Question 14.
How did Hitler view war ?
Answer:
Hitler viewed war as the way out of the approaching economic crisis.

Question 15.
When was the Enabling Act passed in Germany ?
Answer:
On 3rd March, 1933

Question 16.
Name the four countries included in the Allied Powers in World War II.
Answer:
England, France, Russia and USA were included in the Allied Powers.

Question 17.
What was the significance of the Enabling Act ?
Answer:
The Enabling Act enabled Hitler to sideline the Parliament and rule by decree.

Question 18.
Which concept of Hitler’s ideology revealed his desire for an extended empire ?
Answer:
The geopolitical concept or concept of living space revealed his desire for an extended empire.

Question 19.
Which country used atomic bombs during World War II ?
Answer:
USA used atomic bombs during World War II against Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Question 20.
What was the work entrusted to the International War Tribunal set up in Nuremberg after the war ?
Answer:
It was set up to prosecute Nazi war criminals for crimes against peace, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Question 21.
What was the name given to separately marked areas where the Jews lived ?
Answer:
The separately marked areas where the Jews lived were called ghettos.

Question 22.
Which incident persuaded the USA to join the war ?
Answer:
Japan’s unprovoked attack on the US base at Pearl Harbour in December 1941 persuaded the USA to join the war.

Question 23.
What do you know about Wall Street Exchange ?
Answer:
It is the name of the world’s biggest stock exchange.

Question 24.
Which countries were known as Axis Powers in World War II ?
Answer:
Germany, Italy and Japan were known as Axis Powers.

Question 25.
When did Youth League of the Nazis found ?
Answer:
The Youth League of the Nazis was founded in 1922.

Question 1.Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.

Answer : The problems faced by the Weimar Republic were:
→ Versailles treaty:The Versailles Peace Treaty at the end of the First World War dispossessed Germany of its territories, its resources and its pride as a nation. He also had to pay 6 billion pounds as war compensation. In spite of the harsh terms, the Weimar Republic accepted the humiliating treaty, thereby making it unpopular amongst the German masses.
→ Economic Crisis:The German state was financially crippled due to overwhelming war debts which had to be paid in gold. Subsequently god reserves depleted and value of German mark fell. Prices of essential goods rose dramatically.
→ Political defects:The Weimar Republic was weak due to inherent constitutional irregularities such as proportional representation and Article 48 (which gave the President the power to impose emergency and rule by decree). The democratic parliamentary system seemed to give the people no solutions or benefits in the times of the severe economic crisis.

 

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Philosophy of the Indian Constitution includes all the values that inspired and guided the Indian Freedom Struggle. This can be observed in the Indian Preamble which is the 'Sole of the Constitution'. The political ideologies enlisted in our Preamble are followed by us ethically. Some of them are as follows: We the people of India, Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic, Justice, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

The Indian state has to play an active role in accelerating the process of bringing about social equality based on justice and welfare for all groups of citizens.
The guiding values of the Indian Constitution may be summarized as comprising equality, freedom, secularism, socialism and internationalism.

• The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the country.
•  It rises a hundred metres high in the north, and more than a kilometre high in the south, forming a raised triangle within the familiar downward-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.
• The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass lying to the south of the Narmada.
• Its extension in the northeast is known as the Meghalaya and Karbi-Anglong plateau and is separated by a fault from Chhota Nagpur plateau.

The vast majority of people in the country were fed up with the Czar (Nicholas II), the royal family, and the aristocracy. Many of the former serfs were overworked and starving. Also, the people were embarrassed by their defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. The Bolsheviks, under Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, and others had plotted for years for a major social upheaval and overthrow of the monarchy, and 1905 seemed to be an opportune time to foment revolution. The apparent idealism of Marxism was new to the world, and it appealed to many who wanted social justice. The 1905 Revolution failed, but it set the stage for the 1917 Revolution which was successful. Also, Russia’s involvement in WWI contributed heavily to the 2nd revolution. The rest, as they say, is history

(i) The Russian Revolution put an end to the autocratic Tsarist rule in

Russia. It abolished the Romanov

dynasty. (ii) It led to the establishment of world's first

communist/socialist government. (ii) The new Soviet Government announced its

withdrawal from the First World War. (iv) The socialist government announced the nationalization of all industries, private lands. Banks, mines, railways,

telephones, etc. These were declared as state's property. (v) Planned economic development started at the time of Stalin. Collectivization of agriculture was introduced by Stalin. From 1929, the party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms. (vi) Planned economy soon turned the USSR into a powerful industrial nation by the Second World War. Poverty began disappearing from Russia. With the outbreak of World War II, USSR had given socialism a global face.

Trade union, also called labour union, association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purposeof securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining

Labour unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers.

Labour unions or trade unions are organizations formed by workers from related fields that work for the common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster of workers and provide a link between the management and workers.

The government of Myanmar is a unitary parliamentary republic  as defined by the Constitution of 2008, functions as a parliamentary republic. In this type of government, the heads of the Cabinet are responsible for carrying out the laws set forth by Parliament. In 2008, Myanmar established a new Constitution and created a new form of government, which is divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. This article takes a closer look at government of Myanmar.

Myanmar (also known as Burma) is a unitary parliamentary republic under its constitution of 2008. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Myanmar an "authoritarian regime" in 2019.
Myanmar where the army rules, Dictator Pinochet’s rule in Chile, or President N.krumah’s rule in Ghana was not democratic. They were not chosen by the people.

The government of Myanmar, as defined by the Constitution of 2008, functions as a parliamentary republic. In this type of government, the heads of the Cabinet are responsible for carrying out the laws set forth by Parliament. In 2008, Myanmar established a new Constitution and created a new form of government, which is divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. This article takes a closer look at government of Myanmar.

The government of Myanmar is a unitary parliamentary republic  as defined by the Constitution of 2008, functions as a parliamentary republic. In this type of government, the heads of the Cabinet are responsible for carrying out the laws set forth by Parliament. In 2008, Myanmar established a new Constitution and created a new form of government, which is divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. This article takes a closer look at government of Myanmar.

Class 9 ncert sst history chapter 3 the nazim and the rise of the hitler ka question answer

NCERT solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics People as resources

Question 1.What do you understand by ‘people as a resource’?

Answer : People as a resource is a way of referring to the country’s working population in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.

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Question 2. How is human resource different from other resources like land and physicalcapital?

Answer : Human resource makes use of other resources like land and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. This is the reason why human resource is considered to be superior to the other resources.

 

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The British had been passing various constitutional Acts (1909, 1919 and 1935) which were mainly opposed the Indian nationalists. In 1946, the British decided to examine the possibility of granting independence to India. As a result, a British cabinet mission was despatched to India to hold discussions with the representatives of British India and to set up a constituent body and an executive council. The Constituent Assembly was formed in 1946 to draft the Constitution of the country. The Assembly consisted of about 300 people who were expert in their own fields. All of these issues played on the minds of the members of the Constituent Assembly as they drafted the Constitution. After years of debates and discussions, the constitution was finally adopted on 26 Jan, 1950.

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Question:
“Elections are considered essential for any representative democracy.” Why?
Answer:

• In a representative democracy, people rule through their representatives.
•  It gives an opportunity to the people to decide, who will make laws for them.

All the democratic countries should have elections as it represents the democratic power

A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent. India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass, not just a country. While it has many features of a continent, it is not as big as one, so is not considered a continent. India was once a continent (or at least a very large island). Due to continental drift, India moved north and became part of Asia. India is now joined with the continent of Asia, but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas. Originally it was a separate geologic plate, but has collided and merged with Asia.

A place is classed as a subcontinent when it is part of a continent but is considered either geographically or politically as an independent entity or it is smaller than a continent. India is often called a subcontinent because it is a distinct landmass, not just a country. While it has many features of a continent, it is not as big as one, so is not considered a continent. India was once a continent (or at least a very large island). Due to continental drift, India moved north and became part of Asia. India is now joined with the continent of Asia, but is a distinct area separated by the Himalayas. Originally it was a separate geologic plate, but has collided and merged with Asia.

• Election is a mechanism by which people choose their representatives at regular intervals and change them if they wish to do so.
• In an election the voters make many choices. They can choose the one who will malke laws for them.
• They can choose who will form the government and take major decisions.
• They can choose the one party whose policies will guide the government and lwa making.
• So, Elections are considered essential for representative democracy.

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In our country elections are conducted by an independent and very powerful Election Commission (EC). The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) is appointed by the President of India. But once appointed, the Chief Election Commissioner is not answerable to the President or the government.
EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the announcement of elections to the declaration of results.

• It implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
• During the election period, the EC can order the government to follow some guidelines, to prevent use and misuse of governmental power to enhance its chances to win elections, or to transfer some government officials.
• When on election duty, government officers work under the control of the EC and not the government.
• When election officials come to the opinion that polling was not fair in some booths or even an entire constituency, they order a repoll.

Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of landsurface. The term bathymetry is used to describe underwater relief, while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level. The Latin word terra (the root of terrain) means "earth."

In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns.

The new Provisional Government proved unable to stabilise the country. Vladimir Ilych Lenin led the November 1917 revolution that replaced the Provisional Government with the communist Bolshevik Party.

 

(i)Shifting Cultivators: Colonial rulers decided to ban shifting cultivation as it made harder for the government to calculate taxes. As a result, a number of communities, who used to do shifting cultivation, were forcibly displaced from their homes in the forests. Some had to change occupations, while some resisted through large and small rebellions.

(ii)Nomadic and pastoralist communities: The worst suffers were nomadic and pastroralist communities. The British Government declared some forests as reserved, some others as protected. This limited their access to the forest. They could not graze their herds in forest and they could not collect forest produce like, fruits, roots and fuel and timber. For medicines they could not collect the herbs. They had to give up hunting and fishing in the forest areas.

(iii)Nomadic and pastoralist communities: The colonial rule affected the timber trading in many ways. First the British Government enacted rules for forest reservation. Under this rule, people were not allowed to cut trees and collect timber from forest. Secondly, by the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for Royal Navy. Third, now the people were not allowed to get other forest products like ivory, silk, coconuts, bamboo, spices, resins, gum etc. for trading. Fourthly, only a few European trading firms were given the right to trade in the forest products of particular areas. General firms had to suffer owing to this measure.

(iv)Plantation owners: The concept of plantation agriculture emerged in India with the colonial rule. The owners of the plantation fields were mostly Europeans. Therefore, rules and regulations regarding the plantation were made by keeping in view the interest of the Europeans.

Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe's growing need for these commodieties. The colonial government took over the forests, and gave vast areas to European planters at cheap rates. These areas were enclosed and cleared of forests and planted with tea or coffee. The planters were given a free hand to manage and regulate the farms. The labourers were exploited to the hilt and were paid low wages.

(V)Kings / British officials engaged in Shikar: Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct. The British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society. They believed that by killing dangerous animals the British would civilise India. They gave rewards for the killing of tigers, wolves and other large animals on the grounds that they posed a threat to cultivators. Over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 200,000 wolve were killed for reward in period 1875-1925. Gradually the tiger came to be seen as a sporting trophy. The Maharaja of Sarguja alone shot 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards up to 1957. A British administrator, George Yule, killed 400 tigers. Initially certain areas of forests were reserved for hunting. Only much later did the environmentalists and conservators begin to argue that all these species of animals needed to be protected and not killed.

i) Shifting Cultivators:. The colonial rulers and shifting cultivation at it for difficult for the government to calculate taxes. As a result a number of communities were forced to leave the forest some had to join alternate occupations in the cities while some rose in rebellion against Colony authority.

Ii) Nomadic and pastoralist communities: The Nomadic and pastoralist Groups suffered a lot . The British government declared some forests are reserved and protected. This Limited their access to the forests. They could not graze their animals in the forest or collect fruits, roots, fuel and Timber. For medicine they could not collect medicinal plants. They had to give up hunting and fishing in the forest areas as well.

iii) Firms trading in Timber/ forest produce: The British Colonial rule affected the Timber Trade in many ways:

a) The British government enacted loss for forest preservation. People were not allowed to cut trees and collect Timber from the forests

b) People could not collect the forest products like coconuts, bamboo, spices, Silk, gum ,e.t c

c) The British government gave the right to only a few European trading firms to trade in the forest product of particular areas.

iv) plantation owners: Large areas of forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and Rubber plantations.

Plantation agriculture came to India with the British rule.The Owners of the plantations were mostly Europeans. These European traders started making huge profits. The Indian traders and plantation workers were left at the mercy of European plantation owners.

v) Kings/ British officials engaged in Shikhar( hunting): Hunting was considered a way of enjoyment by the Indian rulers. The King was recognised by the number of tigers or lions killed by him. Even the British government encourage the Killing of animals most of the British officials were found of hunting. Under the British rule the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct.

Only after many years past the environmentalist question this uncontrol hunting and suggested the preservation of the animal species.

 

The social, economic and political conditions in Russia, before 1905 was quite backward.
Social inequality was very prominent among the working class. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. Workers whose jobs needed skill and training considered themselves on a higher plane than the untrained worker. Workers had strong links to the villages they came from and this also caused a social divide among workers.
Economically Russia was going through a very difficult period. The population had doubled and the economic conditions turned from bad to worse. The government introduced new programmes of industrialization which created employment . This Industrialization did not help the workers who were exploited and their living condition only worsened.
Compared to other European nations, Russia was politically backward, during the thirteenth century. All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian peasants formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900, but as they were not a united group they were not considered to be part of a socialist movement.

Preamble I. The Source of Authority: Popular Sovereignty: The Preamble categorically accepts the principle of Popular Sovereignty. It begins with the words: ‘We the people of India’. These words testify to the fact that the people of India are’ the ultimate source of all authority. The Government derives its power from them. II. Nature of State: The Preamble describes five cardinal features of the Indian state: (1) India is a Sovereign State: The Preamble proclaims that India is a sovereign state. Such a proclamation denotes the end of rule over India. It testifies to the fact that India is no longer a dependency or colony or possession of British Crown. As a sovereign independent state, India is free both internally and externally to take her own decisions and implement these for her people and territories. (2) India is a Socialist State: In 1976, the Preamble was amended to include the word ‘Socialism’. It is now regarded as a prime feature of the State. It reflects the fact that India is committed to secure social, economic and political justice for all its people. India stands for ending all forms of exploitation as well as for securing equitable distribution of income, resources and wealth. This has to be secured by peaceful, constitutional and democratic means. The term ‘India is a Socialist state’ really means, ‘India is a democratic socialist state.’ (3) India is a Secular State: By the 42nd Amendment, the term ‘Secular’ was incorporated in the Preamble. Its inclusion simply made the secular nature of the Indian Constitution more explicit. As a state India gives special status to no religion. There is no such thing as a state religion of India. India guarantees equal freedom to all religions. All religions enjoy equality of status and respect. (4) India is a Democratic States The Preamble declares India to be a Democratic State. The Constitution of India provides for a democratic system. The authority of the government rests upon the sovereignty of the people. The people enjoy equal political rights. The people freely participate in the democratic process of self rule. They elect their government. For all its acts, the government is responsible before the people. The people can change their government through elections. The government enjoys limited powers. It always acts under the Constitution which represents the supreme will of the people. (5) India is a Republic: The Preamble declares India to be a Republic. Negatively, this means that India is not ruled by a monarch or a nominated head of state. Positively, it means that India has an elected head of state who wields power for a fixed term. President of India is the elected sovereign head of the state. He holds a tenure of 5 years. Any Indian citizen can get elected as the President of India. III. Four Objectives of the Indian State: The Preamble lists four cardinal objectives which are to be “secured by the state for all its citizens”. These are: (1) Justice (i) Social Justice (ii) Economic Justice (iii) Political Justice: (2) Liberty: The Preamble declares liberty to be the second cardinal objective to be secured. It includes liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. The grant of Fundamental Rights (Part III) including the right to freedom is designed to secure this objective. Liberty of faith and worship is designed to strengthen the spirit of secularism. (3) Equality: The Preamble declares Equality as the third objective of the Constitution. Equality means two basic things: status and opportunity, the Constitution of India grants and guarantees the fundamental Right to Equality. (4) Fraternity: Promotion of Fraternity among the people is the fourth objective is to promote Fraternity among all the people. Fraternity means the inculcation of a strong feeling of spiritual and psychological unity among the people. It is designed to secure dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the nation. IV. Date of Adoption and Enactment: In its final paragraph, the Preamble specifies the important historical fact that the Constitution was adopted on 26 November, 1949. It was on this day that the Constitution received the signatures of the President of the Constituent Assembly and was declared passed. V. Self-made Constitution: The Constitution of India is an adopted, enacted and self-made constitution. It was adopted and enacted by the Constituent Assembly acting as the elected representative body of the people of India. The Preamble states the philosophical foundations of the Constitution India and enumerates its objectives. It constitutes a Key for the interpretation of the Constitution. It is a part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution. Through, it’s Preamble, the Constitution a commits itself to Democracy, Republicanism, Socialism, Secularism, Liberalism and Welfare State. The Preamble states the objectives which the Constitution is committed to secure for all the people of India. Hope this would help ??

The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government, to find out whether it is good or bad. It is the soul of the Indian Constitution.
The major ideals enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution are as follows:-
(i) We the people of India The Constitution has been drawn up and enacted by the people through their representatives and not handed to them by a king or any outside power.
(ii) Sovereign: People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters. 
(iil) Socialist :Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by the society.
(iv) Secular: Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion.
(v) Democratic: A form of government where people enjoy equal rights, elect their rulers and hold them accountable.

Lenin headed the Soviet Union till his death in 1924. Joseph Stalin took over the reins from him. There was acute shortage of grain in 1927. The government had fixed the price of grain but the peasants did not want to sell to the government at these prices.

Rich peasants or ‘kulaks’ were raided and grain stocks confiscated. Stalin enforced collectivization of farms as solution to grain shortage.

Peasants were forced to work in collective farms called ‘kolkhoz’ sharing the profits equally.

This was not entirely successful as the production of grain did not increase immediately. In 1930, the Soviet Union faced one of the worst famines in history leaving over 4 million people dead.

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A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected representatives which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or similar document. The constituent assembly is entirely elected by popular vote ; that is, all constituent assemblies are constitutional conventions, but a constitutional convention is not necessarily a constituent assembly. As the fundamental document constituting a state, a constitution cannot normally be modified or amended by the state's normal legislative procedures; instead a constitutional convention or a constituent assembly, the rules for which are normally laid down in the constitution, must be set up. A constituent assembly is usually set up for its specific purpose, which it carries out in a relatively short time, after which the assembly is dissolved. A constituent assembly is a form of representative democracy. Unlike forms of constitution-making in which a constitution is unilaterally imposed by a sovereign lawmaker, the constituent assembly creates a constitution through "internally imposed" actions, in that members of the constituent assembly are themselves citizens, but not necessarily the rulers, of the country for which they are creating a constitution. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 of which 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg and British Baluchistan.

• The drafting of the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.
• Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
• Its first meeting was held in December 1946.
• The Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India and Pakistan after the partition.
• The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian Constitution constituted as many as 299 members.
  It adopted the Constitution on 26 November, 1949, but it came into effect on 26 January, 1950.

Some of the important members of the Constituent Assembly were

1. Jawaharlal Nehru
2. Dr Rajendra Prasad
3. Dr S. Radhakrishnan
4. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
5. Maulana Azad
6. Sarojini Naidu
7. Dr B.R. Ambedkar
8. Syama Prasad Mukherjee

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1. Robert Owen (14 May 1771 – 17 November 1858), a Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropist and social reformer, was one founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He is known for efforts to improve factory working conditions for his workers and promote experimental socialistic communities. In the early 1800s, he became wealthy as an investor and eventual manager of a large textile mill at New Lanark, Scotland. He had initially trained as a draper in Stamford, Lincolnshire and worked in Londonbefore relocating aged 18 to Manchester and becoming a textile manufacturer. In 1824, Owen travelled to America and invested most of his fortune in an experimental socialistic community at New Harmony, Indiana, a preliminary model for Owen's utopian society. It lasted about two years; other Oweniteutopian communities met similar fates. In 1828, Owen returned to settle in London, where he continued to champion the working class, led the development of cooperativesand the trade union movement, and supported the passage of child labour laws and free co-educational schools.