Disguised unemployment is also known as under employment. In this kind of unemployment, more than the required people are employed in a particular field. The removal of a few people will not affect the productive capacity of that field. In rural areas, disguised unemployment is generally found in agriculture. Mostly, all the members of a family work on a small farm. For example if seven members of a family are working in a field measuring two hectares, then even if we remove three people from the field, the productivity of the field will not be affected. In urban areas, disguised unemployment is seen in the service sector among many plumbers, painter and carpenters, who are not able to find work on a daily basis and hence do odd jobs whenever required.

Seasonal Unemployment   (i) Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year.   (ii) People dependent upon agriculture usually face such a kind of problem. There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding and threshing is done. But when the plants are growing, there is not much work.   (iii) During this period, they remain unemployed and are said to be seasonally unemployed.  

It was started by Atal Bihari vajpayee

‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ is a significant step towards providing elementary education to all children in the age group six to fourteen years by 2010. It is a time-bound initiative of the central government in partnership with the states, the local government and the community to achieve the goal of universalisation of elementary education. Bridge courses and back-to-school camps have been introduced to increase the enrolment in elementary education. Mid-day meal scheme has been introduced to encourage attendance and retain children, as well as increase their nutritional status. These types of policies of the government could add to the literate population of India and further to the economic development.

 

Market Activities	Non-market Activities
1. Market activities involve remuneration to any one who performs, i.e., activity performed for pay or profit.	1. Non Market activities are the production for self-consumption.
2. These include production of goods or services including government service.	2. These can be consumption and processing of primary product and own account production of fixed assets.

1)In democracy the final decision making power must rest with those who was elected by the people. 2)In democracy every one have one vote and every vote must have one and equal value. 3) A democratic government is more accountable form of government than others.

 

Merits of democracy:

• A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.
• Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making
• Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts
• Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes
• In a democracy, people rule themselves as leaders are elected by them

In the present study, the high-altitude vegetation dynamics of natural forest cover were analyzed to find the effect of local hydrology for about 10 years. Vegetation dynamics in four different topographical and climatic conditions in India were studied using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from vegetation sensor of SPOT satellite, and daily temperature and precipitation data from Asian Precipitation–Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation project. The main objective was to understand how and to what extent the natural vegetation reciprocates in various climatic conditions. First, the vegetation data was denoised by using empirical mode decomposition technique. The relation between the vegetation growth and hydrological parameters was studied to find the anomalies. Then, the wavelet analysis of the hydrological data was carried out to find the frequency and extent of the anomalies. Finally, nonparametric Mann–Kendall trend analysis and Sen’s slope analysis were applied to find the trend of the vegetation, temperature, and precipitation dynamics. Results indicate that the growth of the vegetation starts when the average temperature is 10 °C or higher. Beyond that the increase in temperature may have a negligible effect on growth of vegetation. The vegetation also shows positive change in monthly NDVI with the increase in precipitation depending forest type and local climate. However, with excessive rainfall, a declining trend in vegetation growth was observed. The NDVI data show positive trend in all four sites. In northern region, the temperature showed positive trend, while precipitation had negative trend. In eastern and western regions, the temperature had negative trend and precipitation had positive trend.

Temperature

Temperature affects the growth of natural vegetation. Temperature affects humidity, precipitation and the type of soil. We find the growth of conical-shaped trees at higher altitudes. At much higher altitudes, the vegetation becomes scarce because of extremely cold conditions.

Precipitation

Precipitation affects the growth of natural vegetation. Areas receiving high rainfall, such as the equatorial regions, experience rich growth of vegetation. Vegetation cover is sparse in regions such as hot and cold deserts which receive less than 25 cm of rainfall.

Virgin Vegetation refers to a plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left undisturbed by humans for a long time.
i. This type of vegetation is also termed as natural vegetation.
ii. Cultivated crops and fruits; orchards are a part of vegetation but not of natural vegetation.

flora means plants

term flora
Flora is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animal life is fauna. Flora, fauna, and other forms of life, such as fungi, are collectively referred to as biota.

Relief (Land and soil) and Climate (Temperature, humidity, photoperiod and precipitation) are the factors which are responsible for the distribution of plants and animals in India.

(i) Land:. Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. The nature of land influences the type of vegetation. The fertile level is generally devoted to agriculture. The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodland develop and give shelter to a variety of wildlife,
(ii) Soil: Different types of soil provide basis for different types of vegetation. The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet marshy, deltaic soils support mangroves and deltaic vegetation. The hill slopes with some depth of soil have conical trees..
(iii) Temperature: Temperature along with humidity in the air, precipitation and soil determine the character and extent of vegetation. On the slopes of the Himalayas and the hills of the peninsula above the height of 915 metres, the fall in temperature affects the types of vegetation and its growth and changes it from tropical to subtropical temperature and alpine vegetation.
(iv) Sunlight: The variation in duration of sunlight at different places also affect the growth of trees. Due to longer duration in sunlight, trees grow faster in summers..
(v) Precipitation: In India almost the entire rainfall is brought in by the advancing southwest monsoon (from June to September) and retreating north-east monsoons. Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation as compared to other areas of less rainfall.

mawsynram

Mawsynram

Mawsynram is a village in the East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya state in northeastern India, 65 kilometres from Shillong. Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India.

Mawsynmar is the rainiest place of the world with an average annual rainfall of 1140cms. It is located in the southern slopes of khasi hills (meghalaya) at a height of 1500 metre above the sea level .

• This place is enclosed by hills on three sides .
• The rilief feature give this place a funnel shaped location .
• The Bay of Bengal branch of monsoons is trapped in these hills .
• These winds try to get out of it .
• These are forced to rise again and again resulting in heavy rainfall.

• Although the monsoon winds are irregular and uncertain, they unify the entire country. The farmers eagerly wait for the arrival of rainfall. Rainfall provides the water required to set agricultural activities in motion. Its arrival is welcomed with the celebration of festivals, singing and dancing.
• A large number of farmers depend upon monsoon-rains to meet the food requirement of their family. They engage in agricultural activities not only to sell the crops, but for their own needs.
• Normal rainfall is essential for adequate agricultural output. In a large country like India, it is essential to maintain the food prices. Food inflation may destabilize the entire nation. The food prices depend upon the agricultural output.
• It is only through rains in the Monsoon season that water requirements of people are fulfilled. Rainfall also increases the water table in the region.

ITCZ

Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) It is a broad trough of low pressure in equatorial latitudes from about 5° N to 5°S. It moves North or South with the apparent movement of sun.
Significance of ITCZ
(i) The ITCZ is a zone of convergence of North-East and the South-East trade wind.
(ii) The Northward or Southward movement of it determines the spatial distribution of rainfall.
(iii) This zone is the wettest area on the planet, which does not have a dry season. Thus, it is constantly hot and humid.

Indira Point is the southernmost pount of the Indian union.It is still visible as it is located at Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Indira Point is situated in the Great Nicobar group of Island in Andaman Nicobar Islands. Due to the Tsunami Indira Point is partially submerged. There is a light house still operational. ... all that piece got submerged because of Tsunami.

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The book which has proposed a division of power within the government is "The spirit of laws"

The Spirit of the Lawa

Montesquieu in his book 'The Spirit of the Laws',  proposed a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and the judiciary. This model of government was put into force in the USA, after the thirteen colonies declared their independence from Britain.

• The Mandal Commission suggested that 27 percent of central and state government jobs should be held in reserve for OBCs, and that the 27 percent amount should be realistic to other "compensatory discrimination" or "compensatory protection" benefits, comprising those provided by universities and affiliated colleges.

• Mandal Commission was established to recognize the collectively or educationally backward classes to reflect the question of seat reservations and allocations for people to recompense caste discrimination.

A major policy decision is taken through a government order. An order, issued by Government is called an Office Memorandum (OM). The major decision involves some major functionaries of our country.

The fall of the prison of Bastille into the hands of the revolutionaries sparked off the French Revolution. 

Causes of the French Revolution:

Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates; first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles. They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate, which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination led to the revolution by the third estate.
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

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Anai Mudi

Anai mudi

Anai mudi

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At the end of summer and in the beginning of pre monsoon showers... Hope this helps

Summer

Mango showers is the name of the pre-monsoon showers in Karnataka, Kerala, Konkan and Goa that help in the ripening of mangoes. They are also known as April rains or summer showers. The reason of the Mango Showers is thunderstorms over the Bay of Bengal. These summer rains normally come in the second half of the month of April, though the arrival is difficult to predict. The showers prevent the mangoes from dropping prematurely from trees and are crucial for the mango cultivators of South India.

In summer

In summer

Only men above 25 years old who payed the taxes equal to atleast 3 days of labourer's wages were given the status of active citizens. (that time their population was 4 million)

Only men above 25 years old who payed the taxes equal to atleast 3 days of labourer's wages were given the status of active citizens. (that time their population was 4 million)

Only men above 25 years old who payed the taxes equal to atleast 3 days of labourer's wages were given the status of active citizens. (that time their population was 4 million)

In 1791, the Legislative Assembly was chosen by a process of indirect election; the Electors of the Assembly were themselves elected by "active" citizens, male citizens whose annual taxes equalled the local wages paid for three days of labour. This disenfranchised about half of the male citizens of France.

Jacobins under the learship of Robespierre took controle of the assembly .This newly elected assembly is called convention.

The newly elected assembly of France was known as convention

After the fall of Robespierre's government, the wealthier middle classes came forward to seize power.  

A new constitution was introduced which denied the vote to non-propertied sections of the society. It provided for two elected legislative councils.  

These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five members.  

This was meant as a safeguard against the concentration of power in a one man executive as under the Jacobins.  

However, the Directors often clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them.  

Thus, the Directory became the victim of political instability which paved the way for the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

The role of Women during the French Revolution are:

The role of women in France during the revolutionary years were:

(i) Women started their own political clubs and newspapers.

(ii) They demanded the right to vote.

(iii) They demanded to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.

(iv) The revolutionary Government introduced some laws for women.

(v) During the 'Reign of Terror', new Government ordered to close women's clubs and ban political activities.

(vi) women's movement for voting right continued through next two hundred years.

(vii) Women's struggle for equal political rights continued during the 'Reign of Terror'. The government banned their clubs and political activities. Many women got arrested. It was in 1946 that many women got the right to vote.

Olympe de Gouges was one of the most important of the politically active women in revolutionary France. She protested against the Constitution and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen as they excluded women from basic rights that each human being was entitled to. In 1791, she wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, which she addressed to the Queen and to the members of the National Assembly, demanding that they act upon it. In 1793, Olympe de Gouges criticised the Jacobin government for forcibly closing down women’s clubs. She was tried by the National Convention, which charged her with treason. Soon after this she was executed

Farmers can obtain the inputs in the following ways:

i) Farmers use their savings.

ii) They take loans from cooperative banks or rich money lenders, etc.

iii) They get equipments and machinery from local dealers, etc.

iv) They get the seeds to be planted -- from seed dealers.

Western Disturbance plays important role in bringing moderate to heavy rain in low-lying areas and heavy snow to mountainous areas of the Indian Subcontinent especially in winter. This disturbance is usually associated with cloudy sky, higher night temperatures and unusual rain.

Western Cyclonic Disturbances are the temperate cyclones which originate over Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia, and move into India, along with the westerly flow of jet streams.

By causing cyclonic rains over the plans and snowfall in the mountains they distrub he quite weather conditions of north and north west India.

Winter rainfall caused by them locally known as ' Mahawat' is of immense importance for the cultivation of Rabi crops.