The Constitution of India is the major law in India. It's also the longest constitution in the world with 448 articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules. The constitution was made on 26 November 1949, and was made the center of law in 26 January 1950. A Constitution is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country.

The first meeting of the new constituent Assembly was conducted on 9th of December, 1946. The next meeting conducted in 11th of December, 1946 under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Participants included Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, and Sarojini Naidu.             
The 389 members of the Constituent Assembly formed many committees to examine in detail all the issues relating to the country. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was the Chairman of one of the most important committees, i.e., the Drafting Committee. 

The Constituent Assembly, which came into existence on 11th of December 1946, had 145 meetings and framed a draft constitution. During these discussions, the various laws proposed by the British Government in 1909, 1919 and 1935, the British Parliamentary system, the American Bill of Rights, the Social Directive Policies of Ireland were studied and some parts of those were written in the Constitution. Finally, the Indian Constitution was approved on 26th of November, 1949 and came into effect on 26th of January, 1950. This day (January 26) is celebrate as 'Republic Day' in India.  

Constitution of 1791, French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.

Convectional assembly was the name of assembly which was called in France in 1792.

A n s w e r :

‘N o v e m b e r Criminals’.

Those who supported the Weimer Republic mainly Socialists, Catholics and Democrats were mockingly called the ‘November Criminals’.

The members of the Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers, printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers. Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.

The Jacobin Club was the strongest of the many clubs that were formed. In the summer of 1792 the Jacobins planned an insurrection They stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s guards and held the king himself as hostage for several hours. Later elections were held. The Jacobian Government came to power. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.

The Jacobian leader , Robespierre headed the Assembly. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment. Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that even his supporters began to demand moderation. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794. The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle
classes to seize power.

 In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France. He found an empty treasury. The causes for it was (i) Long years of wars had drained the financial resources of France. The condition was served when under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. (ii) The king's court at the immense palace of Versailles was extravagant. A huge amount of money was required for its maintenance. (iii) Taxes were levied only on third estate and exempted first and second estates which were rich. (iv) The war with Britain added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres. (v) Lenders who had given the state credit, now began to change 10 per cent interest on the existing loans. So, the French government had to spend an increasing percentage of its budget on interest payment.

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• The Supreme Court can take up disputes between governments, citizens and government, governments at the union and state level.
• Highest Court of justice and hears appeals against High Court decisions, civil and criminal cases.
• Guardian of our constitution and fundamental rights.
• It can declare any law of the legislature or executive invalid.
• People can approach Supreme Court if their rights are violated.

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The powers and functions of the Prime Minister of India are as follows :

1. The Prime Minister is free to choose ministers. He distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. All ministers work under his leadership.
2. Being the Chairman of the Cabinet, the Prime Minister presides over the meetings of the Cabinet.
3. He coordinates the work of different departments. His decisions are final in case disagreement arises between different departments.
4. He communicates to the President about all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of union and proposals of legislation.
5. He is the leader of the nation and people always remain eager to hear his views on all economic and political issues.

<i>Political Executive</i>	<i>Permanent Executive</i>
1. Executives who are elected by the people for a specific period are called the political executives.	1. The permanent executives are salaried civil servants who are appointed on a long-term basis.
2. Example-Political leaders like the Prime Minister, Council of Ministers and so on.	2. Persons working in civil services. For example - IAS, IFS, IPS etc.
3. They remain in office only so long as they command the confidence of the majority members of Parliament.	3. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes.Their tenure of office is fixed.
4. They are answerable to people for all the consequences of their decisions.	4. They are not answerable to the people.
5. They are more powerful. They take all the final decisions.	5. They are less powerful. They do not take decisions. Instead they assist political executives in carrying out day-to-day administration.

Leon Davidovich Trotsky (November 7, 1879 – August 21, 1940), born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. An influential politician in the early days of the Soviet Union, Trotsky served as the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and the People's Commissar of War and was the founder and commander of the Red Army. He was also a founding member of the Politburo, the central policymaking and governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Following a power struggle with Joseph Stalin in the 1920s, Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party and deported from the Soviet Union. Ramon Mercader assassinated Trotsky in Mexico in 1940. Trotsky's ideas form the basis of the Communist theory of Trotskyism, which remains a major school of Marxist thought theoretically opposed to Stalinism and Maoism.

The chief justice of India is appointed by the President.. Hope it helps you :)

The Judiciary in India is single, integrated and independent. Article 50 of the Constitution of India provides for the separation of judiciary from the executive. To maintain the independence of the Supreme Court article constitution prohibits the retired judges to plead or act in any court or before any authority within the territory of India.

A motion moved by the opposition to prove that it has no confidence in the Council of Ministers. If such a motion is passed by the majority of members of the Lok Sabha, the ministry has to resign.

ruling government that the elected parliament no longer has confidence in them.

Every member of the Lok Sabha has the right to move a no-confidence motion if s/he feels that the elected government does not enjoy the majority of the House.

If accepted, the elected dispensation have to prove its majority in the Parliament. Members are not liable to furnish a reason for passing the no-confidence motion. Only members of Lok Sabha have the parliamentary right to move a no-confidence motion.

The supreme legislative body of India where all the decision are taken and bills are passed The two houses of parliament are 1. Lok Sabha 2. Rajya Sabha

Parliament is the highest legislative body of our country . The 2 houses of parliament are 1.rajya sabha , 2.lok sabha . Rajya sabha is the upper house and lok sabha is the lower house .

Parliament is the highest legislative body of your country.where bills are debated and laws are made. The 2 houses are 1.rajya sabha(upper house) 2.lok sabha(lower house)

In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The 2 houses of parliament are :- 1. Rajya Sabha 2. Lok Sabha

A republic is a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
India is a republic because it has a form of gvt. in which representatives are elected by people and they act on behalf of the people , whom they represent.

Because of democracy

A written Constitution is a codified set of laws. It leaves least possibilities for the governing authority to change it according to its whims and fancies. The Constitution leaves no doubt about the process of governance, especially in a federal set up, where distribution of power is primary. For the successful implementation of the principle of Democracy, a written Constitution notes down the rights enjoyed by the citizens. Minority rights can too be protected.

Answer:

(i) Persian wheel are the source to irrigation in this part. (ii) Well is also a frequently used source of irrigation. (iii) Tube wells are also important sources of irrigation. ... In Palampur the land under cultivation has to be dependant on rainfall which acts as an important source of irrigation...

The three organs of govt are as follow 1. Legislature 2. Executive 3. Judiciary

1) Legislature 2) Executive 3) Judiciary Hope it helps you ! ?

1) Legislature 2) Executive 3) Judiciary.... This is the answer hope it helps you??

The three orgags of government are 1.legislative 2.judiciary 3.executive

1) Legislature 2) Executive 3) Judiciary

Seasonal Unemployment: There are certain months in a year when people are not able to find jobs. This kind of unemployment is known as seasonal unemployment. For example, in agriculture, the sowing and harvesting periods require labour, but during the rest of the year, the landless labour may remain out of work.

Disguised Unemployment: In this kind of unemployment, people appear to be employed but they actually do not contribute anything to the economy. For example, in an agricultural field, if the work requires the services of only ten people, fourteen people are employed instead. It means that four people are extra and their work does not add anything to the economy of the country.

Hitler was a powerful speaker and his words moved people. In his speech, he promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. He also promised employment for those looking for work and a secure future for the youth. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany. Hitler started following a new style of politics and his followers held big rallies and public meetings to demonstrate support. According to the Nazi propaganda, Hitler was called a messiah, a saviour, as someone who had arrived to deliver people from their distress.

Agriculture plays a critical role in the entire life of a global economy. Agriculture is the backbone of the economic system of a any country. In addition to providing food and raw material, agriculture also provides employment opportunities to very large percentage of the Population. Economic Development- Since agriculture employs many people it contributes to economic development. As a result, the national income level as well as people’s standard of living is improved. The fast rate of development in agriculture sector offers progressive outlook as well as increased motivation for development. Hence, it aids to create good atmosphere for overall economic development of a country. Therefore, economic development relies on the agricultural growth rate.

Agriculture is an important part of India's economy and at present it is among the top two farm producers in the world. This sector provides approximately 52 percent of the total number of jobs available in India and contributes around 18.1 percent to the GDP. Agriculture is the only means of living for almost two-thirds of the employed class in India. As being stated by the economic data of financial year 2006-07, agriculture has acquired 18 percent of India's GDP. The agriculture sector of India has occupied almost 43percent of India's geographical area. Keywords: GDP. Agriculture Sector. Agriculture plays a vital role in the Indian economy. Over 70 per cent of the rural households depend on agriculture. Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes about 17% to the total GDP and provides employment to over 60% of the population. Indian agriculture has registered impressive growth over last few decades. The food grain production has increased from 51 million tonnes (MT) in 1950-51 to 250MT during 2011-12 highest ever since independence.Role of agriculture in Indian economy 1. Share in National Income: 2. Largest Employment Providing Sector: 3. Contribution to Capital formation: 4. Providing Raw Material to industries 5. Market for Industrial Products

Lenin feared the provisional government would set up a dictatorship. He persuaded Petrograd soviet and Bolshevik party to agree on socialist seizure of power. • The uprising began on 24 October. PM Kerenskii had left the city to summon troops. Military men loyal to government seized the building of two Bolshevik newspapers. • Military revolutionary committee ordered to seize government of offices and arrest the ministers in response. The “Aurora” ship shelled the winter palace. Other vessels took over military points. • The city was under committee’s control and ministers had surrendered. The majority of All Russian Congress of soviets approved the Bolshevik action. There was heavy fighting in Moscow and finally Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area.

As the conflict between the provisional government and the Bolsheviks grew, Lenin feared the Provisional Government would set up a dictatorship. Lenin began discussions for an uprising against the government. Bolshevik supporters in the Army, Soviets and factories were brought together. On 16th October 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. A military revolutionary committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotsky to organize the seizure. The uprising began on 24th October 1917. Military men who were loyal to the government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers. Pro-Government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace. In retaliation, the Military Revolutionary Committee ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers. A ship named Aurora bombed the Winter Palace, other ships sailed down the Neva and took over various military positions. By the end of the month, the city was under the control of committee and ministers had resigned. By December, Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow-Petrograd area.

Tsar Nicolas

Thanks

J

Tsar Nicolas

Thanks Gaurav ??

• Adolf Hitler born in 1889 Austria, during 1^st world war he enrolled for the army, acted as a messenger, becomes a Corporal. In 1919, he joined a small group called the German workers party. He took an organization and renamed it as national socialist German workers; came to know as Nazi party.
• Hitler planned to seize control of Bavaria, marched to Berlin and capture power in 1923 but failed. After 1929, banks collapsed and businesses shut down, lost their jobs and middle classes got threatened.
• In 1929, Nazi party got no more than 2.6% of votes in Reichstag German parliament but by 1932, it becomes largest party with 37% votes.

It can be stated that physical features complements the other and makes the country richer in its natural resources. The northern mountains are the major sources of water and forest wealth. The northern plains are the granaries of the country. The plateau is a storehouse of minerals, which has played a crucial role in the industrialisation of the country. The coastal region and island groups provide sites for fishing and port activities. Thus, the diverse physical features of the land have immense future possibilities of development.

Because in mexico all have right to vote and all are same and equal before the law

In Mexico PRI [ Institutional Revolutionary Party ] always win the election using many dirty tricks like,all those who are employed in government offices, teachers of government schools used to force parents to vote for PRI.Media ignored the activities of opposition political parties except to criticise them. The PRI spent a large sum of money in campaign for its candidates. Therefore Mexico is not a democratic country

The mechanism of monsoons are discussed below:
(i)The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
(ii)The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga plain (this is the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5°N of the equator – also known as the monsoontrough during the monsoon season).
(iii)The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the Indian Ocean. The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon.
(iv)The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air currents and the formation of high pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.
(v)The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.

Machanism of monsoon include following concept : phenomenon of monsoon refer to the seasonal reversal of wind

Characteristics of Monsoon:

1. Monsoons are a global phenomenon, especially in the tropical regions of Earth.

2. Monsoons are the heavy rains during the rainy season , usually from June to September. They occasionally extend to October.  So its duration is 3 to 4 months in each year.  Monsoons occur around the same period every year.

3. There are large scale sea or ocean breezes during the monsoons.

4. They are due to big temperature and pressure differences between the land and the sea nearby.  Usually the land is hot and the sea is cooler. So the air on top of them travels with great speed and carries a lot of precipitation.

5. For India, there are SouthWest Monsoons and NorthEast Monsoons. The first comes from the Arabian Sea and the latter comes from the Bay of Bengal.

6. The amount of rainfall (precipitation) and intensity of rains are not the same each year. They depend on the global temperatures, wind pressures, pollution and Earth's rotational effects.

7. They are not predictable completely yet. The prediction can be done only for some 24 or 48 hours.

8. The monsoons arrive usually after the summer season.

9. There are many gaps between rainfalls during the monsoon season.

10. Some monsoons result in cyclones. Occasionally thunderstorms and lightnings are observed. In some places occasionally hailstorms are observed.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is an Indian Government Programme aimed at universalisation of elementary education in a 'time bound manner’. It makes education free and compulsory to children of 6-14 years as a Fundamental Right, by the 86th Amendment of Indian Constitution. The role of 'Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ in achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education are :

1. As a result of government policy, primary education expanded to over five lakh villages. But this huge expansion of schools often can not provide quality education as there are high dropout rates.

2. In order to provide elementary education to all children in the age group of 6-14 years by 2010, the government has started 'Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.’

3. It is a time-bound initiative of the Central Government in partnership with the states, the local government and the community for achieving the goal of universalisation of elementary education.

4. By introducing bridge courses and back to school camps, the government tried to increase the enrolment in elementary education.

5. Mid-day Meal Scheme has been implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status.