(i) Altitude: As one moves up to the higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense and temperature decreases. Therefore, hills cools down during summers.

 (ii) Relief: High mountains act as barriers for cold and hot winds. They may also cause precipitation if they lie in the path of rain bearing winds. The Leward sides of mountains remain dry, whereas windward side is able to receive rain.

(iii) North Eastern hills: The maximum rainfall of the season is received in the north eastern hills. Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills located in Meghalaya traps the South West monsoon clouds and cause worlds highest mint:ill in Mawsynram in Meghalaya.

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Education and wealth

The two characteristics of middle class who emerged in the eighteenth century are :

1.  Education : This class was mostly educated and rationale. So this class comprised lawyers, teachers, philosophers, professionals and traders and industrialists.

2.  Wealth : This class was rich and they acquired their wealth through trade and industries. Land was no longer became the sole source of wealth but rather industries and trade.

black hand is a lawless secret society engaged in criminal activities (such as terrorism or extortion)

Black Hand was a secret Serbian society of the early 20th century that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation of Serbs outside Serbia from Habsburg or Ottoman rule and was instrumental in planning the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914), precipitating the outbreak of World War I. T

• India's states were an integral part of British India and its periphery and became an indivisible part of the said Union as such. In independent India, there is 'one nation and one citizenship' adopted, and the integration of the nation was made paramount.
• India is thought to be a nation that cannot be divided as the people live in harmony and the federation also supports all the people that make up this nation. They are united and although they have few disputes they can easily come out of them and resolve them.

Bolsheviks -
1. A communist party of russia which plays an important role in the russian revolution.

2. Lenin was the leader of bolshevik.

3. Lenin thought that party should be discipled .

Mensheviks-
1. It was a break away group of bolsheviks.

2. Alexandera Kerensy was the leader of the party

3. This party was liberal and open to all.

Joseph Stalin 

Lenin headed the Soviet Union till his death in 1924. Joseph Stalin took over the reins from him. There was acute shortage of grain in 1927. The government had fixed the price of grain but the peasants did not want to sell to the government at these prices.

Rich peasants or ‘kulaks’ were raided and grain stocks confiscated. Stalin enforced collectivization of farms as solution to grain shortage.

Peasants were forced to work in collective farms called ‘kolkhoz’ sharing the profits equally.

This was not entirely successful as the production of grain did not increase immediately. In 1930, the Soviet Union faced one of the worst famines in history leaving over 4 million people dead.

The United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6^th August 1945 during the course of the Second World War leading to the deaths of over a lakh people. A similar bomb was dropped on another Japanese city of Nagasaki three days later leading to a further 80000 deaths. This was the first and only instance of the usage of nuclear weapons in the world. 

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804. Shrewd, ambitious and a skilled military strategist, Napoleon successfully waged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded his empire. However, after a disastrous French invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon abdicated the throne two years later and was exiled to the island of Elba. In 1815, he briefly returned to power in his Hundred Days campaign. After a crushing defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he abdicated once again and was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died at 51.

•In many countries communist parties were formed like the communist party of Great Britain.

•The Bolshevik encouraged colonial people to follow their experiment of taking power.

•Many non Russian from outside the USSR participated in the conference of the people of east and the Bolshevik founded Comintern.

•Some received education in USSR Communist university of the workers of the east.

•By the time of the outbreak of the second world war the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.

1- He promised to restore dignity of Germans
2- He promised to build Germany strongest nation
3- Undo injustice of Treaty of Versailles 
4- Resist all foreign conspiracies
5- Give employment to youth

The steps taken by government in the field of education are as follows :

1. There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls.
2. There is also an establishment of pace setting schools like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district.
3. Vocational streams have been developed to equip students with occupation related knowledge and skills.
4. Mid-day meal schemes implemented in semi-urban and rural areas to encourage parents to send their children to school.
5. Popularising education related programmes like ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’, distance education, adoption of state-specific curriculum modification, use of information technology etc.

CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Geography Physical Features of  India

Location

• India has all major physical features of the Earth, i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands.
• In India the soil colour varies from place to place as it is formed from different types of rocks.
• India is a large landmass formed during different geological periods.
• India’s relief features are outcome of other processes like weathering, erosion and deposition.
• India has varied physical features whose formation can be explained on the basis of the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’.
• According to the theory of Plate Tectonics the seven major and minor plates that form the Earth’s crust keep moving, causing stress and thus leading to folding, faulting and volcanic activity.
• Plates can have convergent, divergent and transform boundaries.
• India’s peninsular part is made from one of the oldest landmass of the world ‘Gondwana land’. It was a single landmass comprising of India, Australia, South Africa, South America and Antarctica.
• The physical features of India can be grouped under the following physiographic divisions :

(i) The Himalayan Mountains.

(ii) The Northern Plains

(iii) The Peninsular Plateau

(iv) The Indian Desert

(v) The Coastal Plains

(vi) The Islands

 

For more copy  the given link

https://mycbseguide.com/blog/physical-features-india-class-9-notes-geography/

Because 82*30 min E divide india equally from east to west

Democracy based on election because INDIA is the democratic country and people have right to elect their leaders and people have power to remove a leader from his position and power for that reason democracy is always based on elction

Green revolution is a step taken by the government to improve the yields from agriculture. But in green revolution HYV seeds were used which gave high yields. In traditional farming, manure was used. In green revolution, fertilisers and pesticides were used which brought more yields. Devashish ??

Economics chapter 1

Some farmers borrow money from moneylenders or large farmers. Some borrow money from bank

It is managed by following ways:

(i)Most of the farmers borrow money from the banks.

(ii)Most of the small farmers borrow money from the moneylenders or traders to manage the capital.

(iii) Medium and large farmers have their own savings from the farming

Economics chapter 1

Socialism is defined as an economic system in which the means of production are owned not by private individuals but by the community in order that all may share more fairly in the wealth produced.

Equal respect and recognition for all religions by the state. 
No discrimination by the state on the basis of religion. Non-interference in the functioning of any religion by the state. 
No official religion in India.
An individual has the right to practice, propagate and profess any religion. 

The belief that religion should not influence or be involved in the organization of society education government ect.

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Latitude , Altitude , Pressure and Wind , Distance from sea , Ocean currents and Relief features

Some basic structures of the constitution as:

1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Unity and sovereignty of India
3. Democratic and republican form of government
4. Federal character of the Constitution
5. Secular character of the Constitution
6. Separation of power
7. Individual freedom

Over time, many other features have also been added to this list of basic structure features. Some of them are:

• Rule of law
• Judicial review
• Parliamentary system
• Rule of equality
• Harmony and balance between the Fundamental Rights and DPSP
• Free and fair elections
• Limited power of the parliament to amend the Constitution
• Power of the Supreme Court under Articles 32, 136, 142 and 147
• Power of the High Court under Articles 226 and 227

Any law or amendment that violates these principles can be struck down by the SC on the grounds that they distort the basic structure of the Constitution.

The main functions of the Election Commission of India are among others.

(a) Control and Conduct of the Elections : Election Commission takes decision on every aspect of conducting and controlling elections from the time of declaration of elections to the announcement of results.

(b) Code of Conduct : The Election Commission can implement the code of conduct and punish any party or candidates guilty of breaking or violating any rule.

(c) Can order the government : During the period of elections, Election Commission can order the government to follow its guidelines on matters including transfer of government officials.

(d) Discharges duty : During election, Election commission discharges duty to government officials. Thus, on election duty government officers work under the control of election commission.

(e) Reprimand the government : In the present political scenario the Election Commission has expanded its power. Now the Election Commission reprimand the government and administration for their lapses. It can even order for repoll.

The citizens in France who didn't have the right to properties and they do not have the right to vote are called passive citizens

Passive Citizens were those who had no property rights or voting rights. They were entitled to protection by law with relation to their belongings and their liberty, but had no say in the making of government bodies.

Passive Citizens were those who had no property rights or voting rights. They were entitled to protection by law with relation to their belongings and their liberty, but had no say in the making of government bodies.

Passive Citizens: Whereas, the remaining men as well as all the women of France who were not entitled to vote were called Passive Citizens.

 

Passive Citizens were those who had no property rights or voting rights. They were entitled to protection by law with relation to their belongings and their liberty, but had no say in the making of government bodies.

Racial discrimination is any discrimination against individuals based on their colour, language , religions , caste etc

Racial discrimination is any discrimination against individuals on the basis of their skin color, or racial or ethnic origin. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group.

Solution:

The two documents are consistent and convey the same idea that human beings are born equal and all citizens are equal before the law. However, the Constitution of 1791 did not give practical shape to these ideas.

Olympe de Gouges was politically active in revolutionary France. She protested against the Constitution and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen because they did not even give basic political rights to women.

Thus, in 1791, she wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen. In 1793, Olympe de Gouges criticised the Jacobin government for forcibly closing down women’s clubs. She was later charged with treason and executed.

Make nice panting for birthday

 

Factors which are used to carry out the process of production are called factors of production. In the modern economy, economists classified these factors into two categories. They are land and labour, as capital is created by the application of labour on land and an entrepreneur is the human resource who performs and controls the business. Therefore, land and labour are the primary factors of production, whereas capital and the human capital are the secondary factors of production.

The characteristics of the factors of production are as follows:

• Factors of production are jointly used in the production of a commodity
• Variable factor proportions
• Physical existence
• Use of factor services
• Demand for a factor or production is derived
• All factors of productions are not equally mobile.

Factors of production:

Land:

 It is defined so as to include not only the surface of the Earth but also all the other gifts of nature.

Labour:

Labour consists of all human efforts of the body or mind which are undertaken in the expectation of reward.

Capital: 

Capital is known as the produced means of production. First, it is created by man and is not a gift of nature. Second, it is a means of production and used as an input in producing other goods. Such type of goods is not directly consumed. 

Human Capital:

A human capital is a person who carries the risk of business and coordinates the activities of all the other factors of production.

Out of all the four factors of production, human capital is considered the best among all the resources. This is because it makes use of the other resources like land, labour and physical capital to produce an output while the other resources cannot become useful on their own.