Causes of the French Revolution:

Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates; first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles. They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate, which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination led to the revolution by the third estate.
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the people of France to realise their dreams.
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed that no group in society should be privileged by birth.

• A democratic government is a better government because it is a more accountable form of government.
• Democracy improves the quality of Decision Making
• Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts
• Democracy allows people to correct their own mistakes
• In a democracy, people rule themselves as leaders are elected by them

Government led by Robespierre issued many laws among which ceiling maximum wages and price and rationing were main. Foods, such as meat and bread were rationed. Peasants were forced to sell their grains on fixed price in cities. Citizens were forced to eat equality bread, white flour which was costlier was forbidden. Use of Citoyen and Citoyenne for men and women citizen started instead of the traditional Sir (Monsieur) and Madam (Madame). Churches were shut down and their buildings were converted into offices and barracks. Practice of equality was sought everywhere.

Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi known as K. M. Munshi was born on December 30, 1887 at Bharuch in Gujarat. He had his school education in R.S Dalal High School in Bharuch. He was educated further in Vadodara (Baroda), where he excelled in academics. One of his teachers at Baroda College was Sri Aurobindo Ghosh who had a profound impression on him. Munshi was also greatly influenced by Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda, Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel and Bhulabhai Desai.

During World War I, Munshi was influenced by the Home Rule Movement. In 1912-13, he took part in the activities of the Social Reform Association and championed the cause of widow remarriage.

During the Salt Satyagraha in 1930, this well-known Indian freedom fighter, Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi rejoined Indian National Congress. For his involvement on this Satyagraha, the British rulers imprisoned Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi. In 1932, he was again imprisoned in Bijapur for two years. On his release he again became the member of Bombay Legislative Assembly and served as the Home Minister in the first Congress Government in 1934. Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi was again arrested for his active participation in the Quit India Movement of 1942.

Curzon Wyllie was murdered by an Indian student Madanlal Dhingra. Dhingra shot Wyllie at a Bloomsbury lecture hall in July 1909. He shot at Curzon Wyllie with V.D. Savarkar and some other revolutionaries. He claimed that he had murdered Curzon as a patriotic act and in revenge of the inhuman killing of Indians by British Government in India.

Main causes were:

Autocratic rule of Tsars: In 1914, the Russian emperor was Tsar Nicholas II. He fought a number of wars to expand his empire in the north and west in Europe. He had borne the expenditure of war by taxing the common people of Russia.
Conditions of peasants: Majority of the Russians were agriculturalists. Major part of the land was owned by nobles and clergy and these peasants worked as farmers on daily wages. They were paid less and worked more and sometimes under debt, they were not even paid wages.
Status of industries: Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St. Petersburg and Moscow. Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside crafts workshops. Foreign investment in industries increased with the extension of Russia’s railway network.
Conditions of workers in the industries: Most industries were owned by private
industrialists. Though the government supervised factories’ working hours and wages of the workers, but still rules were broken. Women workers were also paid less than men. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment and financial hardships. ,
Formation of socialist parties: All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists, who respected Marxist ideas. But because of government policies, it had to operate secretly as an illegal organisation. It set up a newspaper, mobilised workers and organised strikes.

India totally lies north of Equator. So it is in the northern hemisphere. Whereas it totally lies to east of the Greenwich line(Prime Meridian),means it is in the northern and eastern hemispher.

• Outside the Booth- Polling stations are usually set up in public institutions, such as schools and community halls. To enable as many electors as possible to vote, the officials of the Election Commission try to ensure that there is apolling station within 2km of every voter, and that no polling stations should have to deal with more than 1200 voters. Each polling station is open for at least 8 hours on the day of the election. 
• Inside the polling Booth-On entering the polling station, the elector is checked against the Electoral Roll, and allocated a ballot paper. The elector votes by marking the ballot paper with a rubber stamp on or near the symbol of the candidate of his choice, inside a screened compartment in the polling station. The voter then folds the ballot paper and inserts it in a common ballot box which is kept in full view of the Presiding Officer and polling agents of the candidates. This marking system eliminates the possibility of ballot papers being surreptitiously taken out of the polling station or not being put in the ballot box.

In India,  the following factors Makes Elections Democratic

1. Independent Election Commission
2. Popular participation
3. Acceptance of election outcome
4. Challenges to free and fair elections

The social, economic and political conditions in Russia, before 1905 was quite backward.
Social inequality was very prominent among the working class. Workers were divided on the basis of their occupation. Workers whose jobs needed skill and training considered themselves on a higher plane than the untrained worker. Workers had strong links to the villages they came from and this also caused a social divide among workers.
Economically Russia was going through a very difficult period. The population had doubled and the economic conditions turned from bad to worse. The government introduced new programmes of industrialization which created employment . This Industrialization did not help the workers who were exploited and their living condition only worsened.
Compared to other European nations, Russia was politically backward, during the thirteenth century. All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian peasants formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900, but as they were not a united group they were not considered to be part of a socialist movement.

Peninsula is any landmass surrounded by three sides of water and one side of land. It is a unique geography formation. The temperature varies in between nearby the water and middle part of the land it looks like Island

Otto von Bismarck was the true architect of Germany who played an important role in the unification of the country. He is known for his policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. Otto von Bismarck and the German unification: 

(i) The middle class Germans in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation—state. 

(ii) Prussian Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck, with the help of the army and bureaucracy carried out the task of unification. 

(iii) Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. 

(iv) On 18th January 1871, the Prussian King, Kaiser William-I was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in the presence of important officials, army representatives and Otto von Bismarck.

The French women's were disappointed that the French Constitution of 1791 made them passive citizens. They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political positions. The fight for the right to vote continued through an international suffrage movement during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. The political activities of French women during the revolutionary years inspired many women around the world.