The wind belts girdling the planet are organised into three cells in each hemisphere—the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the polar cell. Those cells exist in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The global circulation can be described as the world-wide system of winds by which the necessary transport of heat from tropical to polar latitudes is accomplished. In each hemisphere there are three cells (Hadley cell, Ferrel cell and Polar cell) in which air circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere.

• The northern plain is one of the largest and most fertile plain of India. It is one of the World’s most intensively farmed areas.

• They are located between the Himalayan rivers in the north and the Peninsular Plateau in the south.

• Due to its suitable farming properties, it is highly populated.

• The land is generally flattish.

• The northern plains have the Indus river system in the west and the Ganga Brahmaputra river system in the east.

• The Northern Plains is divided into four regions - Bhabar,Terai,Bhangar and Khadar.

• The water table in this region is very high.

Radicals: Radicals were a group of people who wanted a nation in which the government was based on majority of country’s population.
Conservatives: They were a group of people who opposed the radicals and the liberals and believed that the past had to be respected and a change had to be brought through a slow process.

Poverty : Usually the levels of income and consumption are used to define poverty. In India, poverty can be defined as the lack of common things like food, clothing and shelter , safe drinking water, medical care  and education, which determine quality of life.

Poverty has both dimensions economical and social.

Please give me thanks,if you like my answer It is big but you can easily understand it..... Topics in the chapter: • India's Location • Its Size • India and the World • Its neighbours Introduction: India is one of the oldest civilisations and have a remarkable history. After Independence from British rule, it achieved multi-faceted socio-economic progress. Also made a remarkable progress in the field of agriculture, industry, technology and overall economic development. India's Location • Lies entirely in Northern hemisphere between latitudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N and longitudes 68°7' E and 97°25' E. • Divided by Tropic of cancer (23°30' N) in almost two equal parts. • In Southeast, Andaman and Nicobar islands lie in Bay of Bengal. • In Southwest, Lakshadweep islands lie in Arabian Sea. Its Size • Total Area of India is 3.28 million square km which is 2.4 percent of the total area of the world. • It is seventh largest country in the world in terms of landmass. • It has land boundary of about 15,200 km and the total length of the coast line of the mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands is 7,516.6 km. • In the northwest, north and north east of India, young folds mountains bounds it. • South of about 22° north latitude, India narrows and finally extends towards the Indian Ocean. It also divides it into two seas, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on its east. • The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is about 30°. • India’s east-west extent appears to be smaller than the north-south extent. • The time along the Standard Meridian (82°30' E) passing through Mirzapur in UP is taken as the Indian Standard Time for whole country. • The time gap between Arunachal Pradesh present in the east and Gujarat present in the west is about 2 hours. The latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night, as one moves from south to north. India and the World • India is located in the centre of the World between East and the West Asia. • The routes across the Indian ocean which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India. • The Deccan Peninsula* helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. • The Ocean which is south of India given name Indian Ocean as no other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has. • The land routes of India are much older than sea route. Various passes across mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers as ocean limited such interaction for a long time. • The land routes helped India in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times. • India have propagated the ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals and the decimal system as well as given spices, muslin and other merchandise to different countries. • Also, the influence of Greek sculpture, and the architectural styles of dome and minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of India. Its neighbours • India is comprised of 29 states and 7 union territories and shares its land boundary with: → Northwest: Pakistan and Afghanistan → North: China, Nepal, Bhutan → East: Myanmar and Bangladesh → South: Sri Lanka and Maldives • Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar • Maldives Islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep Islands. * A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland on one side. Do You Know from Chapter • The southernmost point of the Indian Union– ‘Indira Point’ got submerged under the sea water in 2004 during the Tsunami. • Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, India’s distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000 km. • Before 1947, there were two types of states in India – the provinces and the Princely states. → Provinces were ruled directly by British officials who were appointed by the Viceroy. → Princely states were ruled by local, hereditary rulers, who acknowledged sovereignity in return for local autonomy

Please give me thanks,if you like my answer It is big but you can easily understand it..... Topics in the chapter: • India's Location • Its Size • India and the World • Its neighbours Introduction: India is one of the oldest civilisations and have a remarkable history. After Independence from British rule, it achieved multi-faceted socio-economic progress. Also made a remarkable progress in the field of agriculture, industry, technology and overall economic development. India's Location • Lies entirely in Northern hemisphere between latitudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N and longitudes 68°7' E and 97°25' E. • Divided by Tropic of cancer (23°30' N) in almost two equal parts. • In Southeast, Andaman and Nicobar islands lie in Bay of Bengal. • In Southwest, Lakshadweep islands lie in Arabian Sea. Its Size • Total Area of India is 3.28 million square km which is 2.4 percent of the total area of the world. • It is seventh largest country in the world in terms of landmass. • It has land boundary of about 15,200 km and the total length of the coast line of the mainland including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands is 7,516.6 km. • In the northwest, north and north east of India, young folds mountains bounds it. • South of about 22° north latitude, India narrows and finally extends towards the Indian Ocean. It also divides it into two seas, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on its east. • The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is about 30°. • India’s east-west extent appears to be smaller than the north-south extent. • The time along the Standard Meridian (82°30' E) passing through Mirzapur in UP is taken as the Indian Standard Time for whole country. • The time gap between Arunachal Pradesh present in the east and Gujarat present in the west is about 2 hours. The latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night, as one moves from south to north. India and the World • India is located in the centre of the World between East and the West Asia. • The routes across the Indian ocean which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India. • The Deccan Peninsula* helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. • The Ocean which is south of India given name Indian Ocean as no other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has. • The land routes of India are much older than sea route. Various passes across mountains in the north have provided passages to the ancient travellers as ocean limited such interaction for a long time. • The land routes helped India in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times. • India have propagated the ideas of the Upanishads and the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals and the decimal system as well as given spices, muslin and other merchandise to different countries. • Also, the influence of Greek sculpture, and the architectural styles of dome and minarets from West Asia can be seen in different parts of India. Its neighbours • India is comprised of 29 states and 7 union territories and shares its land boundary with: → Northwest: Pakistan and Afghanistan → North: China, Nepal, Bhutan → East: Myanmar and Bangladesh → South: Sri Lanka and Maldives • Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of sea formed by the Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar • Maldives Islands are situated to the south of the Lakshadweep Islands. * A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland on one side. Do You Know from Chapter • The southernmost point of the Indian Union– ‘Indira Point’ got submerged under the sea water in 2004 during the Tsunami. • Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, India’s distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000 km. • Before 1947, there were two types of states in India – the provinces and the Princely states. → Provinces were ruled directly by British officials who were appointed by the Viceroy. → Princely states were ruled by local, hereditary rulers, who acknowledged sovereignity in return for local autonomy.

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Role of Jacobines:

• The Jacobin Club in France was formed by the revolutionary forces of the country. It included small shopkeepers, watch makers, pastry cooks, printers, daily wage earners and servants. It was the most popular and successful political club of France. The Jacobin club derived its name from a former convent of St Jacob in Paris. 
• In 1792, when the supplies of bread reduced, the Jacobins along with people stormed the Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family of France. Thus they played an important role in the beginning of the French Revolution
• They wore Knee-breeches and in addition a red cap symbolizing Liberty.
• This development led to the changes in the Constitution. Elections were held and everyone more than 21 years of age was given the right to vote.
• The Jacobins on 21st September 1792, abolished Monarchy and declared France as Republic.
• Their leader, Maximilian Robespierre, instilled fear and discipline in his reign. He ensured Equality was practiced in all forms of speech and address
• He established the Revolutionary Tribunal which tried the ex-nobles and clergy, members of other political parties etc. Thereby, leaving no trace of the Monarchy or anyone associated to it.

What modern methods are used in farming activities

The Duma (i) During the 1905 Revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma as it was called in Russia. (ii) The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the second Duma was reelected within three months. (iii) The third Duma was packed with conservative politicians Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out of the Duma.   

The Liberals (i) The liberals were one of the groups which wanted to change the society. The liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. (ii) At that time the European states usually discriminated in favour of one religion or another. (iii) Liberals also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of, the individuals against governments. (iv) They argued for a representative elected Parliamentary Government subject to laws interpreted by a well trained Judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials. (v) They did not believe in universal adult franchise, i.e., the right of every citizen to vote. They felt that men of property mainly should have the right to vote. They did not want the vote for women. 

Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. For example;  

(i) HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers needed for increasing the yield per hectare are all manufactured in industries.  

(ii) Farmers use farm machinery like tractors, threshers and also combined harvesters which are also manufactured in industries.  

(iii) Tube well equipment and water pumps used for irrigation are also manufactured in industries.

The Preamble is an introductory statement in a Constitution which states the reasons and the guiding values of the Constitution.
Significance of the Preamble:

1. The terms sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic in the Preamble suggests the nature of the state.
2. The ideals of justice, liberty, equality, fraternity reflects the objectives of the Constitution.
3. It also contains November 26, 1949 as the date of adoption of the Indian Constitution.
4. It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built.
5. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and action of government.

The abolition of slavery in the French colonies was one of the most revolutionary social reforms of the Jacobin regime.

Throughout the French Revolution the Jacobin leader Robespierre opposed slavery in France and its territories.

The slaves in St. Domingue led a revolution against slavery and colonial rule.

The Estates General was a political body to which the three estates of the French society, i.e., the clergy, the nobility and the third Estate consiting of peasants, landless labourers, businessmen and merchants, sent their representatives. The Estates-General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm summoned by Louis XVI to propose solutions to France's financial problems. It ended when the Third Estate formed into a National Assembly, signaling the outbreak of the French Revolution.

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Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of political equality. In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value. But there are many instances of denial of equal right to vote:
(i) In Saudi Arabia women do not have the right to vote.
(ii) Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
(iii) In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than that of an Indian-Fijian.

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A land mass bound by sea on three side is referred to as

People of lok shabha and rajya sbabha

Theory of plate tectonics lays down that the crust of the Earth has been formed out of seven major and some minor plates. The movement of plates beneath the surface of the Earth creates tension resulting into folding, faulting and volcanic activities. 

Radicals: They wanted a nation where the government should be elected by a majority of the population and some of them wanted women to participate in the same.

Conservatives: They were not ready for changes and wanted to discard the idea of changes. At one point they agreed to the upcoming changes but they wanted that at the same time the past should be respected

The French Revolution was a period when the common people fought for freedom and justice. It included the whole population of France and influenced the members of all classes. It evolved the people concerned due to the abolishment of serfdom and absolutism. This gave the farmers of France equal benefits and democracy. The French Revolution brought about important developments in the community and the government of France. The uprising, which persisted from 1789 to 1799, also had continuing impacts on the peace of Europe. It preceded constitutional models to France but did not make the country a democracy.

Sir

The vicious cycle of poverty means that lifelong barriers and troubles are passed on from one generation to the next. Unemployment and low incomes create an environment where children are unable to attend school. Children must often work to provide an income for their family. As for children who are able to go to school, many fail to see how hard work can improve their lives as they see their parents struggle at every day tasks. Other plagues accompanying poverty include:

Crippling accidents as a result of unsafe work environments—consider the recent building collapse in Bangladesh.

Poor housing—a long-lasting cause of diseases.

Water and food related diseases that occur simply because the poor cannot afford “safe” foods.

Ultimately, poverty is a major cause of social tensions and threatens to divide a nation because of income inequality. This occurs when the wealth of a country is poorly distributed among its citizens—when a tiny minority has a majority of the money. Wealthy or developed countries maintain stability because of the presence of a middle class. However, even Western countries are gradually losing their middle class. As a result there has been an increased number of riots and clashes. For society, poverty is a very dangerous factor that can destabilize an entire country. The Arab Spring is a great example of how revolts can start because of few job opportunities and high poverty levels.

Domestic government is based on das and das

• The part of the peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada River covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. 
• The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south and the Aravali range on the northwest. 
• The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. 
• The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east.  The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.
• The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar River.

Some of the major features of a democracy are:

• The final decision making power rests with those elected by the people.
• It must be based on a free and fair election.
• Each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
• It should rule within limits set by constitutional law and citizens’ rights.

The Nazis effectively used propaganda to win the support of millions of Germans in a democracy and, later in a dictatorship, to facilitate persecution, war, and ultimately genocide. The stereotypes and images found in Nazi propaganda were not new, but were already familiar to their intended audience.

Yes it helps me but I want to explain it in nearly 70-80 words. so please explain it briefly

Exogenetic force and Endogenetic force Hope it helps you dear friend .........

The word pollution comes from the Latin ‘polluere’ that simply means contamination. Hence, in layman terms, pollution is something that contaminates the environment. The presence of harmful substances in the air, land, and water, which can have an adverse effect on living beings and on the environment is pollution.

It can be defined as the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. In other words, it is a yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of sowing and fallow on a given area.

In India, the cropping pattern is determined by rainfall, temperature, climate, technology and soil type.

<th>Subsistence Agriculture</th> <th>Commercial Farming</th>

• Subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like dao, hoe and digging sticks.	• Commercial farming is done on large scale with the use of huge doses of modern inputs e.g. HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
• Farmer and Lis family produce cereals for themselves and for the local market. It is labour intensive where most of the activities are done by family/community labour.	• Crops are grown with a view to export them to other countries. It is capital intensive where much of the work is done with the help of machines.
• It is practised in thickly populated areas.	• It is practised in sparsely populated areas.
• Cereals like wheat, rice, millets are mainly raised.	• Coffee, cotton, sugarcane etc are mainly raised.

People work to generate income to be able to provide for themselves and their families. The national income of a country is measured by its gross domestic product, or GDP, which is the total value of all the goods and services produced in the country in a year. The different activities that people carry out to create goods and services, which contribute towards the national income, are called economic activities.

Economic activities can be classified based on their nature and purpose. Based on their nature the economic activities can be classified into three sectors: primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. Based on their purpose, economic activities can be classified as market activities and non-market activities.