Organised Sector is a sector where the employment terms are fixed and regular, and the employees get assured work. Unorganised sector is one where the employment terms are not fixed and regular, as well as the enterprises, are not registered with the government. The sector with fixed and regular terms of employment is called organised sector. government employees, registered industrial workers, anganvadi workers, village health workers, government educational sector workers, mining workers. This sector is governed by various acts like Factories Act, Bonus Act, PF Act, Minimum Wages Act, etc. The sector that comprises of small-scale enterprises or units and is not registered with the government is called an unorganized sector.

The Thorn forests are found is the region with less than 70 cm rainfall.
The adaptive features of vegetations of thorn forest are
(i) Roots are long which can penetrate deep into the soil to get moisture.
(ii) Stems are succulent to conserve water.
(iii) Leave are thick to minimise evaporation.

Main characteristics of Tropical deciduous forests:

• These are the most widespread forests in India.
• They are also called the monsoon forests and are spread over the region.
• They receive rainfall between 70 cm and 200 cm.
• Trees shed their leaves for about six to eight weeks in dry summer.

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The main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution were   (i)The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property Therefore most industries and banks were nationalised.   (ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.   (iii) In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.   (iv) They banned the use of old titles of the aristocracy.   (v) To assert the change, new uniforms were designed for the army and officials in 1918 in which the Soviet hat, the (budeonovka) was chosen.   (vi) The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik).                                       (vii) Russia became a one party state and trade unions were kept under party control.   (viii) For the first time the Bolsheviks introduced a centralised planning on the basis of which Five Year Plans were made for development of Russia.  

eak: It is the most important of the deciduous trees. It is used for house construction, furniture, ship-building. It is hard and durable. It resists while ants and nails dor not rust in it.
Sal: It is hard-and heavy. It is immune to white ants. Hence it is used in railway sleepers.

Tropical evergreen forests are found in the equatorial regions receiving more than 200cm of rainfall.

The thorn forests are found in the regions which receive less than 70 cm of rainfall.

Monsoon deciduous forests are generally found in the regions experiencing monsoon type of climate receiving rainfall between 200 cm to 70cm.

India's Location

• Lies entirely in Northern hemisphere between latitudes 8°4' N and 37°6' N and longitudes 68°7' E and 97°25' E.

• Divided by Tropic of cancer (23°30' N) in almost two equal parts.

• In Southeast, Andaman and Nicobar islands lie in Bay of Bengal.

• In Southwest, Lakshadweep islands lie in Arabian Sea.

Its Size

• Total Area of India is 3.28 million square km which is 2.4 percent of the total area of the world.

• It is seventh largest country in the world in terms of landmass.

• It has land boundary about 15,200 km and the total length of the coast line of the mainland
including Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands is 7,516.6 km.

• In the northwest, north and north east of India, young folds mountains bounds it.

• South of about 22° north latitude, India narrows and finally extends towards the Indian Ocean. It also divides it into two seas, the Arabian Sea on the west and the Bay of Bengal on its east.

• The latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the mainland is about 30°.

• India’s east-west extent appears to be smaller than the north-south extent.

• The time along the Standard Meridian (82°30' E) passing through Mirzapur in UP is taken as the Indian Standard Time for whole country.

• The time gap between Arunachal Pradesh present in the east and Gujarat present in the west is about 2 hours. The latitudinal extent influences the duration of day and night, as one moves from south to north.

• Difference between Mass and Weight:

Duma was an elected legislative body like the parliament having representatives of the third estate. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re-elected Second Duma within three months. He did not want any restrictions or reductions in his powers. He changed the voting laws and packed the Third Duma with the conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.

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a n s w e r :
These were collective farms. Peasants worked on this land and the profit is shared amongst them. Those who resisted collectivisation were severely p un ished.

 Kulaks

Kulaks were the well to do peasants of Russia The members of the Bolshevik party raided the Kulaks and their goods were seized. It was believed that the Kulaks were exploiting the peasants and hoarding grain to earn higher profits and thus leading to grain shortages. 

 In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader, Lenin returned to Russia from exile. He and other Bolshevik leaders opposed the war. So he put forward three demands, called as Lenin's 'April Theses'. (i) The war to be brought to an end and Russia should withdraw itself from the war. (ii) Land to be transferred to the peasants, thus feudalism to be banned. (iii) Banks be nationalised.

Jadidists were Muslim reformers within the Russian empire who wanted modernized Islam to lead their societies. They supported the liberals of Russia who campaigned against the autocracy of the Tsar and demanded a constitution during the 1905 revolution. They gave prime importance to education and focused on the social upliftment of women. They echoed the opinion of the public through new forms of media like newspapers and magazines.

Question 
What was the Russian Revolution ?
A n s w e r:
The fall of monarchy in February 1917 , and the events of October are normally called as the Russian Revolution.

The First World War had a devastating impact on the entire continent of Europe. It left a deep imprint on European society and polity. Germany carried the burden of war guilt and faced national humiliation and financial bankruptcy.
The effects of the First World War on Germany were:

1. Financially, Germany suffered a lot because the new Weimar Republic was made to pay compensation to the Allies for the war amounting to 6 billion.
2. Germany lost its overseas colonies, as they were annexed and distributed among the Allied
3. Powers.
4. Germany was demilitarised to weaken its power.
5. The Allied armies occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s. All these measures humiliated the Germans and also Hitler.
6. To take revenge, Hitler annexed power in Germany and waged war against the Allies, thus sowing the seeds of the Second World War.

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. To elect means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections, especially in the United States.

(i) Although Louis XVI signed the Constitution of 1791, he entered into secret negotiations with the King of Prussia. Rulers of other neighbouring countries too were worried by the developments in France and made plans to send troops to suppress the events that had been taking place since the summer of 1789.
(ii) But before this could happen, the National Assembly declared war against Prussia and Austria in 1792. Thousands of volunteers came from the provinces to join the army. They saw this as a war of the people against the king and aristocrats all over Europe.
(iii) The revolutionary war brought losses and economic difficulties to the people. Despite that large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
(iv) As a result, political clubs emerged. The most successful of these clubs was that of the Jacobins, who belonged to the less prosperous sections of society. Their leader was Maximillian Robespierre.
(v) In the summer of 1792 the Jacobins planned an insurrection of a large number of Parisians who were angered by the short supplies and high prices of food.
(vi) On August 10 they stormed the palace of the Tuileries, killed the king's guards and held the king himself as a hostage for several hours. Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
(vii) Elections were held. The newly elected assembly, called the Convention, abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic on 21 September, 1792.
(viii) Louis XVI was executed publicly at Place de la Concorde. The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same fate shortly after.

No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is in appropriate because it takes into account only the basic needs of food, clothing, fuel, etc. But the quality of these basic necessities is the lowest quality available, which is not appropriate.
(a) The amount which is fixed as the poverty line does not include the margin for price fluctuations and price rise which is constantly occurring.
(b) The poverty line should include some correction for inflation and to take care of the market fluctuations. 

 .Because thiruvananthapuram is a coastal area it experiences moderate climate throughout the year also Leh has high altitude it experiences extreme cold climate

(i) There is no guarantee that mistakes cannot be made in democracy. No form of government can guarantee that.

(ii) The advantage in a democracy is that such mistakes cannot be hidden for long.

(iii) There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes. And there is a room for correction.

(iv) Either the rulers have to change their decision or the rulers can be changed.

(v) I believe, this cannot happen in a non-democratic government; so I fully agree that democracy does allow us to correct its own mistakes.